Are sex hormones. What female sex hormones are responsible for, their norm and causes of deviations. How hormones are produced
Female sex hormones are mainly produced in the ovaries. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland synthesize hormones that regulate the functions of the reproductive system.
Causes of hormonal imbalance
A woman’s hormonal background is of great importance for the normal functioning of the entire body. A deficiency or excess of one of the hormones can lead to changes in the synthesis of other biologically active substances. The consequence of this is a hormonal imbalance.
For any disturbances in the female body, it is worth conducting a blood test to determine the level of sex hormones.
Possible reasons for the violation:
- use of oral contraceptives - after discontinuation of drugs, the endocrine system is very difficult to recover;
- taking emergency contraception - a sharp hormonal surge occurs, after which the menstrual cycle may be significantly disrupted;
- unauthorized use of any hormonal medications - medications of this nature should be prescribed only by a competent endocrinologist;
- disruption of the endocrine glands - may manifest as a result of their abnormal development or diseases;
- age-related physiological changes - puberty or menopause;
- termination of pregnancy - cessation of production of the hCG hormone leads to disruption of the synthesis of hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone;
- prolonged stress - in this situation, hormonal levels also suffer, and first of all, the synthesis of oxytocin changes.
Basic female hormones
There are two types of female sex hormones: estrogens and progesterone.
Estrogens include three substances:
- Estrone.
- Estradiol.
- Estriol.
They are produced in the ovaries, as well as (in small quantities) in the adrenal cortex, skin, brain, bone and fat tissues. Estrogens affect not only the reproductive system, but all physiological functions of the female body.
Situations when it is necessary to take an estrogen test:
- lack of ovulation;
- polycystic ovary syndrome;
- cysts and tumors in the ovaries;
- weight problems;
- control of hormone levels before menopause;
- pregnancy planning;
- infertility.
If it is necessary to determine the amount of estradiol, then the timing for this analysis is different and depends on the purpose of the study. This can be either the 3-5th or 9-21st days of the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone - active synthesis of this hormone occurs when an egg is released from the follicle, that is, during the formation of the corpus luteum.
- menstrual irregularities up to its absence;
- bleeding that is not related to menstruation;
- pathology of pregnancy;
- post-term pregnancy;
- infertility.
As a rule, the analysis is taken on days 19-21 of the menstrual cycle.
There are other female hormones produced not by the ovaries, but by other organs:
- GnRH- hypothalamic hormone. It regulates the pituitary gland's synthesis of gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH).
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) pituitary gland - this hormone remains at a constant level after puberty. If it is elevated, this indicates that ovulation will occur in the next 24 hours.
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)– produced in the pituitary gland, in its anterior lobe. In women, it affects the maturation of the ovaries and enhances the release of estrogen.
- Prolactin– affects the growth of the mammary glands during puberty, preparing them for lactation, supports the corpus luteum in the ovary, is responsible for the maternal instinct, regulates the functioning of the adrenal glands. A prolactin test is taken on the 19th-21st day of the menstrual cycle.
- Oxytocin- is produced in the hypothalamus, from there it enters the pituitary gland, and then into the blood. Responsible for the performance of the endocrine system and gonads. Oxytocin in women promotes a successful birth and helps stop postpartum hemorrhage.
- Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – a hormone produced by the placenta in pregnant women, its main purpose is to ensure the normal course of pregnancy.
Female hormones and menopause
Menopause in women occurs at the age of 45-50 years. The level of female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone) decreases at this time, which determines the appearance of typical symptoms of menopause. If hot flashes and other unpleasant sensations occur before the age of 40, you should take a blood test for hormones and rule out pathological processes.
Hormone tests
Hormone levels are determined in venous blood.
Rules for taking a blood test for sex hormones:
- tests are taken in the morning and on an empty stomach;
- before the procedure you should not smoke for 3-4 hours;
- the day before you should not engage in training, sports, or heavy physical work;
- avoid stress;
- do not drink alcohol the day before taking hormones;
- stop taking hormonal medications, including contraceptives, for seven days;
- donate blood for hormones from the 5th to 7th day of the menstrual cycle (the first day of the countdown is the beginning of menstruation); the exact date will be determined by the doctor;
- Do not have sexual intercourse for 24 hours before taking the test.
- any irregularities in the menstrual cycle;
- infertility;
- excess weight;
- miscarriage;
- skin problems (acne, etc.);
- ovarian tumors.
Normal levels of sex hormones in the blood are presented in the table.
The normal ratio of testosterone and estrogen
Testosterone is a male sex hormone that is also present in small quantities in the female body. The normal ratio of estrogen to testosterone in a woman is 10:1. If the values shift in one direction or another, then measures need to be taken, the first of which will be a comprehensive examination.
Hormone synthesis depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle
The follicular phase lasts from the first day of the cycle until ovulation (minimum 7 days, average 12-14). At this time, estrogens are produced, and a mature egg is released from the ovary, which is potentially ready for fertilization.
The ovulation phase lasts about 24 hours. The egg, ready for fertilization, enters the female abdominal cavity and then into the fallopian tube.
Lasts from 12 to 14 days. At this moment it is increased.
Possible disturbances in hormone synthesis
Of the possible disturbances in the functioning of the hormonal sphere, there are two main ones: an excess or deficiency of certain hormones.
Excess production of female hormones can lead to:
- problems conceiving a child;
- violation of thermoregulation;
- menstrual irregularities;
- metabolic disorders and obesity.
Lack of synthesis of female hormones can lead to:
- diabetes mellitus;
- depression, this is affected by low levels of oxytocin;
- infertility;
- miscarriage;
- menstrual irregularities.
Female sex hormone preparations
Hormonal medications are taken only as prescribed by a doctor and in strict accordance with the instructions for them. Release forms: tablets and injections.
There are three main types of drugs containing female sex hormones:
- estrogen (Estroferm, Premarin, etc.);
- progestin (Norkolut, Pregnin, Postinor, etc.);
- combined (Ovidon, Demoulin, Pregestrol, etc.) - used as contraceptives, for the treatment of menopausal disorders and a number of oncological diseases.
Products containing hormones
Some products contain chemical compounds that promote the natural production of sex hormones by the body itself:
- coffee (natural),
- hop cones;
- carrot;
- eggplant;
- legumes;
- dairy products.
Folk remedies
In order for the body to produce hormones in a natural way, traditional medicine suggests the use of herbal remedies, for example, decoctions or infusions of plantain seeds, nettles, aloe, etc. This is economical and does not take much time, but before doing this, you should consult a doctor.
A woman’s well-being is largely determined by the normal content of female sex hormones. Changes in mood and well-being, be it an aggressive state or chronic fatigue, can be caused by hormonal imbalance. Therefore, if there are any suspicious changes, you should consult a doctor and undergo the appropriate tests.
What are sex hormones, as well as what role they play in the body of a man or woman, read in this article. It will help to more correctly understand the importance of such hormones in the human body.
Sex hormones can be produced in the body of women and men, namely by the adrenal cortex and the glands of the genital organs. All these sex hormones are steroids in composition. Among them there are three types:
- Progestogens.
- Estrogens.
- Androgens.
Estrogens are female sex hormones. They can be produced in the ovaries by special cells. A certain amount of them can also be produced by the adrenal cortex. With the help of these sex hormones, the female body functions normally, and secondary and primary symptoms appear in it with age. Estrogens can also increase in a woman's body during menstruation and before ovulation. During this period, the uterus becomes larger in size, its contraction intensifies, and the organ and eggs are prepared to receive sperm, which fertilizes the woman.
Progestogens are sex hormones that can be reproduced in a woman’s body by the ovarian body and the adrenal cortex. During gestation, such a sex hormone can also be produced by the placenta. With its help, favorable conditions are created in the woman’s body for the introduction of sperm into it. After the fertilization process, a progestagon is produced in the body of the egg, which will appear in the woman’s body throughout pregnancy. In this case, this leads to the fact that periodic moments cease to occur in the ovary, the placenta grows and the breasts grow and enlarge for lactation.
Androgens are sex hormones of the stronger sex. They include testosterone and androsterone. Such bodies are produced mainly in the testis. Also, at the same time, steroids appear in the adrenal glands and become active. Androgen can, after its appearance, stimulate sperm production and also have a certain effect on the genitals. Also, in the process of human development, it contributes to the appearance of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the growth of a mustache, beard, structure of the larynx, development of the base (skeleton), growth of body hair, which is typical for men.
Sex hormones: drugs
Currently, there are special medications of the medicinal type, which can be in the form of tablets. Doctors usually use such drugs to treat certain diseases in a person when his body cannot cope with the production of such sex hormones in sufficient quantities, which negatively affects the entire body. Among such agents is globulin, which, if necessary, is injected into the blood.
For example, if globulin is introduced into the blood over a certain long period of time, this will help get rid of the appearance of cancerous tumors, in the treatment of prostatitis, and also correct certain functions of the testis. In this case, the patient will exhibit secondary symptoms.
Read also on the topic
When should you get tested for female hormones?
When such drugs are administered into women's blood for a long time, they can suppress certain body functions, for example, the menstrual cycle. It is important to note that treatment processes with sex hormones in representatives of both sexes should be carried out only under the strict supervision of the attending physician, who may prescribe the administration of certain drugs. Under no circumstances should you prescribe such medications on your own, even after prior consultation with a specialist.
Functions of the sex hormone
These components, which are produced by both the female and male body, can have certain effects on it, and are also fundamental in the formation of the body. By their structure, all hormones are steroid elements. Their highest concentration in the body of a man and a woman can be during sexual intercourse and maturation of the body. Women also experience an increase in hormones during pregnancy and lactation. In the last three months of bearing a child in a woman’s body, the amount of estradiol also increases rapidly.
In the body of women, such an enzyme can be produced at certain periods. It mainly affects only the female reproductive tract. At the same time, various changes occur in the uterus, which have a positive effect on the functioning of the whole organism. This is how the inner surface of the vagina becomes more elastic and smooth when exposed to estradiol. With its help, ovarian mobility can be improved. Helps improve the penetration of sperm to the egg during the period of conception.
Estrogens can also have a positive effect on the walls of the uterus. They nourish them and facilitate the penetration of various nutrients that come with the blood. When exposed to this hormone, the flow of fluid to the uterus increases. This hormone also promotes breast development.
Androgens are hormones that are found in the male body in fairly large quantities. It is they who contribute to the appearance and development of secondary sexual characteristics in a man. This element, unlike the female element, is mainly reproduced in the testes. In the fairer sex, the adrenal glands are responsible for its production.
For the artificial production of such drugs, extracts of useful elements from animal testes can be used. Under the control of such a hormone, a man’s voice may become rougher and hair growth on the body will be distributed. It also promotes attraction to the opposite sex. This hormone is responsible for the production of sperm in the body and their replenishment.
The physiological features of this hormone, which also have an effect on the body, include working with proteins in the body. With its help, protein production is stimulated and accumulated in tissues, mainly in muscles. Also, with the help of these elements, kidney enlargement can occur. This hormone is important for men during the development of their reproductive tract. If it is not present in the body of a strong person in sufficient quantity, then this may cause the development of a female-type genital apparatus.
Gonadal hormones determine secondary sexual characteristics in humans and animals. They are responsible for all changes in the body: they control the processes of puberty, the production of eggs and sperm, pregnancy, the birth of a new organism, breastfeeding, etc.
Internal secretion of the gonads
Internal secretion of the gonads is caused by the production of sex hormones (both female and male), which are released into the blood. In terms of their functionality, they differ significantly from each other, although they are produced according to the same biochemical mechanism.
The secretion of the gonads in different sexes is characterized by different amounts of estrogens and androgens produced. This explains the difference in their secondary sexual characteristics. The female and male sex glands are largely responsible for the production of hormones. Hormones influence adolescent puberty.
Puberty in girls
In girls aged 10-12 years, the pituitary gland begins to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and they stimulate the production of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries - the so-called sex hormones in girls. Their production in the body explains the beginning of bodily changes in the girl’s body. Secondary sexual characteristics include:
Growth of mammary glands;
Expansion of the hips;
The appearance of hair in the armpits and pubic hair;
Production of eggs by the ovaries;
The beginning of menstruation.
Puberty in boys
Boys aged 12-15 years also begin to produce luteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH). Together they produce gonads, mainly testosterone. This hormone is produced in the testicles and causes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in young men. These include:
Hair growth on the face and body;
Genital development;
Sperm production;
Muscle development.
Functions of the gonads
The functions of the gonad significantly influence many acute and chronic somatic diseases. They are determined by the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. To understand their functionality, let's look at the hormones that are produced by the body of men and women, and the problems that arise as a result of their disruption.
What hormones are produced by the female genitals?
In women, the gonads, adrenal cortex and placenta are responsible for the production of sex hormones. Hormones of the female reproductive glands include:
Androgens;
Estrogens;
Gestagens;
Luteinizing hormone.
The influence of hormones on the female body
The balanced composition of these substances has a beneficial effect on the body and normalizes metabolism, the psycho-emotional state of a woman, the proper functioning of the reproductive organs, strengthens the immune system, affects fertility and much more. Their ratio directly affects female sexuality. The sex hormones estrogen and progesterone usually regulate sexuality in women. The period of the menstrual cycle is often associated with an increase in desire in the fairer sex, which occurs as a result of a surge in hormones.
Sex hormones and their functions in the body are of enormous importance for the functioning of the entire organism as a whole. Estrogens are important for the normal functioning of the body's reproductive function. In addition, the right amount of this hormone contributes to the formation of the figure, character, condition of the skin and hair. Progesterone is also produced in the adrenal glands (a small part of it) and in the ovaries, and during progressive pregnancy, the corpus luteum and then the placenta are responsible for its production. This hormone in medicine is called the pregnancy hormone, since its responsibilities include preparing the uterus for fetal implantation and stimulating its growth. If progesterone is below normal, a woman’s risk of miscarriage increases.
The pituitary gland is responsible for the production of LH and FSH (luteonizing and follicle-stimulating hormones). FSH stimulates the growth and proper functioning of follicles, and LH affects the functioning of the ovaries and produces estrogens. Prolactin is a pituitary hormone. Its main task is to stimulate the development and growth of breasts in girls, as well as to ensure lactation in women who have given birth. If an increase in prolactin is noted in the blood, then it suppresses the production of follicle-stimulating hormone, due to which there is a natural inhibition of follicle maturation and the absence of ovulation in a woman during breastfeeding. Prolactin is also an important element in normalizing water-salt balance.
Women's hormonal imbalance
Hormones produced by the sex glands do not always remain within normal limits. A decrease in estrogen levels may be a sign of a woman’s lack of ovulation, infertility, and during pregnancy may indicate pathology. Its increased content is characteristic of a developing tumor of the gonads or adrenal glands. People who are prone to obesity also have an increased amount of estrogen.
A reduced level of progesterone in the blood can cause miscarriage in women, placental abruption, and fetal death. Women who have problems with progesterone often cannot get pregnant, they may experience tumors and other pathologies of the genital organs, cycle disorders and other health problems, including infertility.
Sex gland hormones can be a kind of indicator of various human diseases. An increase in luteonizing hormone in the blood indicates polycystic inclusions in the ovaries, their depletion, etc. However, often elevated levels of this hormone can be associated with a stressful situation, fasting, or exhausting sports.
An increase in follicle-stimulating hormone is observed in patients with pituitary dysfunction and ovarian failure. In addition, its level often increases in people who abuse alcohol, as well as after an X-ray examination of the patient. During menopause, an increased amount is normal. An increase in FSH often causes uterine bleeding, and a decrease leads to the absence of menstruation, observed in polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity.
During pregnancy and breastfeeding, an increased amount of prolactin in the blood is a normal condition, in other cases it is a sign of pathological disorders. High prolactin indicates dysfunction of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries and autoimmune diseases.
What hormones are produced by the genitals in men?
Male and female sex glands produce almost the same groups of hormones, with some exceptions. Male hormones include:
Androgens;
Testosterone;
Follicle-stimulating hormone;
Luteinizing hormone;
The influence of hormones on the male body
Follicle stimulating hormone in men is also produced by the pituitary gland. It regulates the functions of the sex glands, increases testosterone production, and promotes sperm maturation. Luteinizing hormone is also produced by the pituitary gland and acts as a regulator of testosterone production in men by Leydig cells, and is also involved in the production of proteins that bind sex hormones and increases the permeability of the testes. Testosterone is produced in the adrenal glands and gonads, it affects the development of secondary sexual characteristics in guys, is involved in the production of sperm, and affects potency and libido. Testosterone is important for the male body: it affects the development of the skeleton and muscles, improves the psycho-emotional state, and normalizes the activity of the sebaceous glands.
Prolactin, produced by the pituitary gland, is involved in the regulation of water-salt balance and delays the excretion of fluid by the kidneys, and also stimulates the proper maturation of sperm. Estradiol is a female hormone that is also produced by men. The reason for this is the increased amount of subcutaneous fat in humans, in which the male hormones testosterones are converted into female estradiols. SHBG - hormone binding globulin or glycoprotein is involved in transport and is produced in the liver.
Male hormonal imbalance
Male sex hormones and their functions determine the normal functioning of the body. Violation in men can provoke many diseases.
A high level of FSH indicates dysfunction of the gonads, kidney failure, or brain tumor. One of the reasons for high follicle-stimulating hormone is alcoholism. A low level of FSH indicates a decrease in the function of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, and is also observed in obesity. In some cases, hormone imbalance can be triggered by completely harmless factors, for example, it increases after undergoing an x-ray or taking certain medications.
Similar disturbances are caused by changes in the level of luteinizing hormone. But in addition to pathological changes in the body, the cause of disorders can be a banal stressful situation, anorexia nervosa, excess weight or smoking. An increase in the amount of testosterone in the blood is a sign of hyperplasia of adrenal tissue and tumors, and its decrease is characteristic of renal failure, excess weight, and dysfunction of the gonads.
High or in men gives the doctor reason to suspect pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction, renal failure, cirrhosis, thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases and other diseases in the patient. In addition, stress, vitamin deficiency, chest injuries, and taking certain medications can cause an increase in hormone levels.
A change in the amount of estradiol can be associated both with taking medications, smoking, fasting, and with the occurrence of various diseases, such as cirrhosis, testicular tumor, prostatitis, hyperprolactinemia and others. By the way, sometimes a pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin) can be detected in men’s blood, which indicates testicular cancer.
What you need to know about sex hormone binding globulin?
Hormone binding globulin is called a glycoprotein. It binds to androgens and estrogens. Other steroid hormones such as progesterone, cortisone and other corticosteroids bind to transcortin. PGSG has the following functions:
Optimal levels of sex hormones, including a healthy balance of testosterone and estradiol, are a core component of any anti-aging strategy.
The hormone is an important regulator of testosterone and estrogen and is responsible for the distribution of sex hormones throughout the body.
Disruption of sex hormone binding globulin is associated with premature aging in both sexes and several fatal diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, and osteoporosis.
Male hormones in women
It may surprise some, but women need male hormones. In small quantities they bring benefits to the body, the main thing is that their quantity is within the limits established by the standards. For example, the production of testosterone in women contributes to their sexuality and libido, and it has a beneficial effect on the development and functioning of the brain. If there is a small amount of testosterone in the blood, a woman is characterized by increased lethargy, weakness, one might say, turns into a “gray mouse”. An increased level of the hormone, on the contrary, increases aggression, makes the figure more masculine, and also provokes skin problems. in women, it may also indicate health problems: disruption of the adrenal glands, ovaries, pituitary gland or hypothalamus. A decrease in hormone levels is caused by kidney failure and weight problems.
Androgen imbalance also causes problems in the body. A woman suffers from acne on her legs, arms, chest, face. Increased levels of androgens can lead to female infertility and miscarriages.
How to take a hormone test correctly?
To check the level of hormones in the body, blood from a vein should be tested. To make the results more accurate, you should not eat before taking the test; at least 8-10 hours must pass from your last meal. One day before, you should give up smoking, alcohol, sex and excessive physical activity. Ignoring these rules can lead to significant distortion of the results.
Women should inform the healthcare professional taking the blood test about the day of their menstrual cycle or pregnancy, since some of the hormones should only be taken on certain days, otherwise this fact may also affect the quality of the result. If it is necessary to repeat the analysis after treatment, both tests should be taken in the same laboratory.
Sex hormones, especially estrogen and progesterone, make a woman a woman. They influence her behavior, expression of emotions, intelligence, libido formation, and the characteristic appearance of a woman directly depends on the presence of sex hormones.
In the brain, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (endocrine glands) exert primary control over human reproductive activity.
In order for this reproductive activity to be carried out fully, the following hormones are produced in the woman’s body:
Gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle stimulating (FSH)
Luteinizing (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
They are all interconnected. Once it is time for a woman to start menstruating, the hypothalamus releases GnRH. This hormone, through its chemical reactions, stimulates the pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH. They, in turn, stimulate the production of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone (male hormone) in the ovaries, which affect the cyclicity of menstruation, which contributes to the possibility of conceiving a child.
Now let's talk in more detail about female sex hormones.
Female sex hormones
Estrogen
Female sex hormones of the estrogen group are considered one of the main ones. These are estradiol, estriol, estrone. They are produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands. When a woman's reproductive function declines and when the ovaries and corpus luteum stop producing estrogen, the adrenal glands continue this activity. This group of hormones is usually called estrogen, since they all perform the same function. The only difference is that:
- estrone participates in the formation of secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates the development of the genital organs
- more active during pregnancy estriol
- at other times estradiol(by the way, estradiol is included in most oral contraceptives)
Global effects of estrogen:
- Responsible for the girl's puberty. Determines the development and formation of the female body: uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, labia majora and minora, and mammary glands.
- Prevents increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood through the synthesis of high-density lipoproteins (HDL is good cholesterol, which binds bad cholesterol). During menopause, a woman loses this effect and then atherosclerosis begins to develop for the first time and cardiovascular diseases appear.
- Effect on bone tissue and the musculoskeletal system. Estrogen activates osteoclasts. These are the cells that destroy obsolete bone cells. Essentially, these are cleaners that cleanse our bone tissue of waste bone cells. Estrogen prevents calcium from being washed out of bones. This preserves bone mass and thereby prevents the development of osteoporosis.
- Participates in the body's metabolic processes by affecting the absorption of proteins and enzymes in the intestines, as well as their synthesis.
Local effects of estrogen:
- In the first phase of the menstrual cycle, it promotes the maturation of the egg, watery liquid mucus, which facilitates the fertilization of the egg by the sperm.
- Affects the structure and cytology of the vagina, thereby maintaining elasticity, moisture, and extensibility. The epithelium of the vaginal mucosa is renewed.
- Causes water retention in the body. Water and sodium are retained in the vascular bed, electrolytes are released.
- Hyperestrogenic women who have problems such as endometriosis, mastopathy, and uterine fibroids often have slight swelling. They go to doctors, look for the causes of their edema, but do not find any problems in the kidneys or adrenal glands. If there are hyperestrogenic diseases, then the cause of edema is estrogen. This is its effect, to retain fluid in the body.
- Has an anabolic effect, i.e. it promotes protein synthesis in the body. During pregnancy, thanks to estrogen, the ducts of the mammary glands are formed, through which milk will be delivered. Thanks to estrogen, the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterus, grows during pregnancy, which is very important during childbirth for the expulsion of the fetus and for obstetrics.
- During puberty, for both women and men, estrogen causes the epiphyses of long bones to close. Those. The cessation of human growth occurs precisely due to estrogen.
A lack of estrogen or an excess of it is an indicator of disorders in the reproductive system.
If the level of estrogen is exceeded, this indicates that the ovaries or adrenal glands may be aggravated by tumor diseases. Symptoms of this may include uterine bleeding and the development of uterine fibroids.If not enough estrogen is produced, then it can be assumed that there is a disruption in the menstrual cycle, there is no ovulation, and infertility develops. Then insomnia appears, apathy towards everything, and the mood becomes depressed. The skin and mucous membranes become dry.
Progesterone
The hormone progesterone is responsible for fertilization and the course of a woman’s pregnancy.
It is synthesized from the moment the corpus luteum is formed during the monthly cycle, during pregnancy itself with the placenta. When progesterone levels decrease, disruptions in the cyclicity of menstruation, miscarriages and infertility occur. Increased progesterone production is normal only during pregnancy. In another case, one may suspect the occurrence of tumor processes.
Local effects of progesterone
Since it works in the second phase of the menstrual cycle, thanks to progesterone, the endometrial glands begin to secrete. They begin to secrete glycogen, protein, vitamins, and minerals, which at the initial stage is a nutrient medium for the fertilized egg.
After ovulation, due to progesterone, there is a slight increase in body temperature by 0.3 - 0.6 degrees. And this has great clinical significance, which confirms that a woman has ovulated.
Thanks to progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle, cervical mucus becomes extremely thick and sperm cannot enter the second phase of the menstrual cycle through the cervix.
- Progesterone, like estrogen, affects bone tissue. If estrogen activates osteoplasts, progesterone activates osteoblasts - cells that stimulate the growth of new bone cells. Bone tissue renewal occurs thanks to progesterone.
- During pregnancy, progesterone stimulates the formation of the alveolar system of the mammary glands. Logically, estrogen built the roads along which milk would be delivered, and progesterone built factories where milk would be synthesized.
- During pregnancy, progesterone, unlike estrogen, protects the uterus from excitability. Estrogen tunes the muscle layer, and progesterone protects this muscle layer from excitability, which is very important for bearing a fetus.
The relationship between sex and endocrine hormones is interdependent. In addition to the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and glands, the adrenal glands, thyroid and pancreas take part in the secretion of sex hormones.
Sometimes, when some hormones are disrupted, a mechanism of replacement by others occurs. For example, both estrogen and progesterone are produced by the adrenal glands (although to a lesser extent than by the ovaries and corpus luteum). When reproductive functions fade, the adrenal glands continue to produce these hormones for some time, but, of course, they are not enough to prevent a woman’s life from undergoing age-related changes.
You can learn more about what happens to hormones in a woman’s body and how the symptoms of menopause are activated during menopause in the following article. Also in the future we will talk about help with symptoms and treatment of menopause in women.
© M. Antonova
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Hormones are special active substances that are produced in the body of every person. They are necessary to complete all processes occurring in our body, to control them and coordinate them with each other. The production of hormones is carried out by organs of the endocrine system, which are located in different parts of the body. Such active substances are produced by the pancreas and thyroid gland, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries and even the brain. The topic of our conversation today will be the influence of sex hormones on a woman’s body.
Sex hormones in the female body are produced by the ovaries under the control of the pituitary gland. Such active substances are represented by estrogens, gestagens and androgens. Men's testicles produce the same hormones as women's ovaries, but there is a difference in their quantity. The female body produces more estrogens, and the male body produces more androgens.
Sex hormones (estrogens, gestagens and androgens) ensure the occurrence of cyclical changes in all parts of the female body, and especially in target organs, represented by the ovaries, uterus and mammary glands. Such hormones directly affect the functioning and condition of the brain, bones, skin, liver, heart, and blood vessels.
There are also a number of active substances that affect the activity of the reproductive system, but are produced in the pituitary gland.
Progestogens (progesterone)
This hormone is produced by a gland that forms after ovulation instead of a follicle. This substance prepares the female body for a possible pregnancy and ensures pregnancy.
Progesterone ensures the engraftment of a fertilized cell in the uterus, prevents contraction of this organ, slightly increases blood pressure and stops menstruation during a developing pregnancy. In addition, this hormone enhances the production of sebum, takes part in the formation of tissue and stimulates the growth of the uterus.
Lack of progesterone can cause and. With this disorder, women experience bloating, chest pain, vaginal bleeding and sudden mood swings. Such a deficiency is often explained by inflammatory processes and insufficient functioning of the bile body.
Excess progesterone is observed during tumor formations in the adrenal glands and ovaries, and its amount in the blood increases during pregnancy.
Estrogens
This is a whole group of hormones represented by estrone, estriol and estradiol. With a normal amount of estrogen in the blood, a woman has velvety skin and a beautiful figure. A deficiency of such hormones in childhood and adolescence causes delayed development of the genital organs, girls do not begin menstruation and the size of the uterus decreases.
Lack of estrogen in adulthood provokes insomnia, causes and. Such a deficiency causes skin problems, pain during menstruation and memory impairment.
A fairly common disorder is considered to be too high a level of estrogen in the blood. In this case, women complain about, they are worried about excessive irritability, nausea and blood clots. Patients also experience weight gain, acne and coldness in the extremities.
The influence of hormones on a woman’s body is important not only for the functioning of the reproductive system, but also for the functioning of other parts of the body. Estrogens protect against atherosclerosis, increase skin density, optimize the functioning of the sebaceous glands and normalize water-salt metabolism. In addition, estrogens are excellent for maintaining bone strength.
Prolactin
This hormone is produced inside the pituitary gland, a small gland located inside the brain. In addition, a small amount of prolactin is synthesized in the inner layer of the uterus.
Prolactin is necessary for breast growth and development, it prolongs the corpus luteum phase, ensures the maturation and release of colostrum. It is this hormone that prevents conception during pregnancy.
A natural increase in prolactin occurs during pregnancy, as well as during active physical activity.
An unhealthy increase in the production of this hormone indicates a tumor of the pituitary gland, endocrine diseases in the body, or radiation exposure that has occurred. Also, an increase in prolactin can be caused by obesity and taking certain medications.
Androgens
These are male hormones that are also produced in the female body. Such substances ensure the growth of the clitoris, regulate the level of sexual hair and the activity of the gonads. It is androgens that activate libido, determine a woman’s sexual behavior and are responsible for her sexual temperament.
However, excessive synthesis of androgens causes a number of disorders - primarily the formation of secondary male sexual characteristics (excessive hair growth, baldness, deepening of the voice). With an excess of male sex hormones, the production of female hormones decreases, resulting in infertility.
Follicle stimulating hormone
This substance belongs to the pituitary hormones and is responsible for regulating the activity of the gonads. Follicle-stimulating hubbub is necessary for the full maturation of germ cells and for the production of estrogens. It takes part in the process of ovulation and in the formation of follicles. A decrease in its production is observed in obesity, as well as in polycystic ovary syndrome. And excessive synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone is explained by inflammation of the gonads, uterine bleeding, etc.
Luteotropic hormone
Luteotropic hormone, which is produced in the pituitary gland, also plays an extremely important role in the functioning of the female reproductive system. This substance is necessary for the complete synthesis of progesterone and estrogens, as well as for the formation of the corpus luteum.
An abnormal increase in luteotropic hormone is observed with tumor lesions of the brain, severe stress, fasting and ovarian wasting syndrome.
A decrease in the production of luteotropic hormone is possible with dwarfism, obesity, excessive smoking, etc.
Hormones are extremely important for the full functioning of the female reproductive system.
Additional Information
Treatment of hormonal disorders in women should be carried out exclusively under the supervision of a doctor. In addition to the main therapy, you can use traditional medicine, having agreed on the appropriateness of their use with a specialist.
Sage to Boost Estrogen. If there is insufficient estrogen production, sage can be used. To prepare the medicine, you need to brew a teaspoon of dried leaves of this plant with a glass of boiling water. After a quarter of an hour, strain the medicine and take it one-third to a quarter of a glass twenty minutes before meals three or four times a day. You should not drink this infusion at night.
Hops, female hormones. To increase the amount of estrogen, and can be used. Brew a teaspoon of crushed cones of this plant with a glass of just boiled water. Cool the prepared product, strain it and drink it in several doses throughout the day.
Low prolactin in women. Folk remedies will also help cope with reduced prolactin production. To prepare an effective medicine, you can prepare raspberry leaves and flowers. Grind such raw materials, brew a couple of tablespoons with three hundred milliliters of boiling water. After an hour, strain and take small portions throughout the day.
Decrease in androgens in women. Quite often, traditional medicine is recommended to patients suffering from excessive androgen production. How to lower androgens in women? For a similar problem, you can combine two parts of angelica roots, one part of peony root, three parts of mantle grass, three parts of sage leaves and a couple of parts of hogweed. Brew a tablespoon of the resulting mixture with a glass of boiling water. Boil for a couple of minutes over low heat, then leave for half an hour. Take the finished medicine strained in a quarter glass four times a day. The duration of therapy is three to four months.
Hormones are extremely important for the normal functioning of the human reproductive system and other organs and systems. Therefore, any violation in their production requires timely correction under the supervision of a specialist.
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