Sarepta mustard, characteristics and application. Hello student mustard pod
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Mustard is taken orally in cases of opium poisoning to induce vomiting and diarrhea (one pinch or 1.5 g of mustard powder is taken intermittently until vomiting begins).
Swallow 10 mustard seeds on an empty stomach 30 minutes before meals; increasing this portion daily to reach 20 seeds. If there are no seeds, you can use mustard powder, starting with 1/4 teaspoon, increase to a full teaspoon, with water. If there is a burning sensation, drink with warm olive oil or milk.
For fever, you can use a mixture of the following composition: 1 glass of wine, 1/4 teaspoon of mustard and a pinch of salt, mix well, drink 3 times a day.
Preparation of mustard plasters: Mustard plasters are prepared by greasing sheets of paper with rubber glue and sprinkling them with mustard powder, which is pressed down and passed through rollers. If mustard plasters are made from non-fat mustard, then its fatty oil will interfere with the irritating effect of essential mustard oil and the therapeutic effect will be weak.
The effect of mustard plasters is explained by the fact that skin irritation causes a rush of blood to this area of the body, providing a therapeutic effect.
The effectiveness of the powder is increased by wetting it with warm water before use, rather than hot or cold, since enzymes - mustard compounds are unstable and hot water with temperatures above 60 ° C destroys them. Therefore, if mustard plasters are placed in boiling water, they will not have any effect: without the enzyme, the glycoside will not be broken down.
Mustard plasters are applied to the chest, to the back of the head, to the calf muscles, to the heart area, etc. For a reflex effect on circulatory function (for hypertensive crises, threatened stroke, angina pectoris).
Mustard plasters are widely used for neuralgia and muscle pain, applying them to painful areas.
Mustard compresses (1 teaspoon mustard powder per glass of warm water). They are used in children's practice in addition to mustard plasters for colds. The compress is applied for 1-10 minutes.
Mustard powder is obtained from defatted and dried mustard seed cake, which can be used both in a free state and as tinctures, infusions, and mustard plasters.
Mustard powder or seeds are used for constipation.
For chronic runny nose, mustard powder is poured into stockings or socks.
Mustard powder baths: 200 g of mustard per bath for adults and 20-150 g for children. Mustard baths stimulate blood circulation, deepen breathing, and facilitate expectoration of mucus. Sometimes they do foot baths.
Mustard powder mixed with honey mixed with a decoction of white lily flowers is used for freckles.
Mustard oil can be used for rubbing. Preparation of mustard oil: dissolve 1 part mustard powder in 49 parts alcohol.
Mustard oil can be obtained not only by pressing mustard seeds, but also by distilling them. During distillation, the essential oil is distilled off in the form of a yellowish liquid with an extremely pungent odor; its volatile vapors strongly irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, causing lacrimation and inflammation; blisters swell on the skin from the oil and even form ulcers. The oil is poisonous and dangerous and therefore should not be used in its pure form. Use its 2% alcohol solution (mustard alcohol) for rubbing for rheumatism.
Mustard- best green manure
The best green manure - Sarepta mustard
If the garden is not fertilized for several years, its yields fall, the vegetables become smaller, the greens become paler. The earth is tired, scientists say that “COLINS” are accumulating in the soil- waste products of plants.
It turns out that soil fertility can be restored without adding manure. Green fertilizers - green manure - will do this. This, of course, is not a new thing; a lot has been written about green fertilizers, however, experiments conducted with Sarepta mustard have shown that it is most suitable for use in our climatic zone to restore soil fertility. Legumes are often used for these purposes. These are peas, beans, vetch, lupine. Honey-bearing crops are also used: buckwheat, sunflower, phacelia, rapeseed, oilseed radish.
Sarepta mustard restores soil well in beds where potatoes were grown. Especially if the site has heavy soil, such as loam. Potatoes are often affected by late blight. So, Sarepta mustard- This is an ancient cultivated plant; in the south it is cultivated as an oilseed crop. This plant is drought-resistant and is not afraid of returning colds and small autumn frosts. Deep roots extract phosphorus from the subsoil layer, and, most importantly, mustard disinfects the soil thanks to the essential oils it releases. Sarepta mustard can be sown in 2 terms. The first time after early crops, at the end of July, the second time- in early August. The seed sowing rate is 1.5-2 g per 2 square meters. m. After potatoes, the tops are carefully removed, the soil is leveled with a rake and mustard seeds are sown scattered. Then they are embedded in the soil to a depth of 2 cm with the back of the rake. Mustard grows quickly and forms a dense carpet. It blooms already at the end of August, at the beginning of September. At this time, no pests are observed on the mustard, perhaps due to the coolness of autumn: after all, in the south it often suffers from cruciferous flea beetles and leaf-eating caterpillars. In September, a huge number of all the beneficial insects of the garden are observed on the flowering mustard: bumblebees, bees, lacewings, ladybugs, etc. Mustard does not require any care. 10 days after flowering, in mid-September, the mustard can be mowed and embedded in the soil to the depth of a spade bayonet. The organic mass of mustard provides food for a large number of microorganisms, while the organic matter gets into the deep layers of the soil, where it is difficult to add manure. The process of decomposition of organic matter proceeds evenly in autumn and early spring. Mustard contains basic nutrients and when plowed into the soil for each square. m receives 10-12 g of nitrogen, 13-14 g of potassium and up to 2 g of phosphorus in a form accessible to plants. Therefore, the next year you don’t have to apply any fertilizer to early potatoes, and the potato yield reaches 400 kg per hundred square meters, compared to 300 kg in a field where there was no mustard. But the main advantage: potatoes do not get sick after mustard, the bushes look healthy, because The tops are green and smooth. After mustard, there are practically no weeds; in contrast to manure, mustard disinfects the soil well.
After harvesting early crops in the garden, the beds are often empty, and the basic principle of organic farming- do not let the land become empty, because land without plants dries out and erodes, i.e. soil erosion occurs. If there are no mustard seeds, you can sow rye, oats, and sunflower after early potatoes. All these crops also fertilize the soil and disinfect it. Rye suppresses weeds, even wheatgrass, with its fibrous roots. I plant white and blue lupine wherever possible in the garden and in vacant spaces; it enriches the soil with nitrogen, like a legume, and at the same time is a very decorative flower.
N. Lavrov
White mustard for soil and plants
Without organic fertilizer, you will not get soil fertility - all gardeners and gardeners know this, most often using manure as such fertilizer - expensive and scarce in modern times. But there are plants that can completely perform all the tasks assigned to manure, and at the same time do not require much cost and effort. For example, white mustard.
The costs of growing this green fertilizer are 16-18 times lower than the costs of preparing, delivering and applying manure to the soil. But how can a plant perform the functions of a fertilizer? The fact is that the root secretions of white mustard contain organic acids, which, interacting with the soil, transfer a number of nutrients (phosphorus, potassium and others) from a previously inaccessible form to one that is easily absorbed by plants. In addition, mustard roots themselves are able to absorb macro- and microelements from the soil that are unavailable to other plants. It is important here that the soil, in addition to other substances, receives, in particular, such an important nutritional element as phosphorus.
In addition, mustard, due to its phytosanitary properties, prevents pathogenic fungi from developing on the site, and potatoes are less susceptible to scab, rhizoctonia and blackleg.
Gardeners also noticed that after planting this plant in the soil, the number of wireworms decreases. It turns out that the pest is deprived of its usual diet for some time. It stops reproducing and often even dies.
The following argument can be made in favor of replacing manure with green fertilizer: every time manure is applied to a plot, with each kilogram of it, several thousand seeds of various weeds enter the soil. As a result, the next year after applying manure, the beds are covered with a continuous carpet of harmful weeds, which have to be gotten rid of with great difficulty, often without success. But the same white mustard has increased vitality and actively suppresses the growth of most weeds.
Agronomists also noticed that green fertilizer, in our case white mustard, stops the destruction of soil fertility and requires very little effort and expense. This important feature is very helpful, for example, when growing potatoes without seeds.
The green mass of white mustard can also serve well those who raise livestock. This is a good food, which becomes especially valuable for feeding animals in the difficult late autumn period.
Now let's take a closer look at this plant. So, white mustard is an early-ripening annual and very cold-resistant crop from the cabbage family. Its seeds germinate even at a temperature of 3°C. The seedlings can withstand short-term frosts down to -5°C. It can be sown both early in spring and late in autumn. However, you need to take into account that to use it as a green fertilizer, it will take 55-70 days from sowing to mass flowering (the best phase of incorporating it into the soil). When harvested at a later date, mustard seeds will begin to ripen and leaves will die, and the organic mass will decrease. There will be a danger of the bed becoming clogged with ripened seeds.
It is sown at the end of July- early August, after the ripening and harvesting of early vegetables or potato bushes, to the vacant beds or even to small parts of the plot. Later this plant is embedded in the soil. And the very next year they get an excellent harvest of onions, beets, cabbage and potatoes.
To obtain green mass that can be used as green fertilizer or for livestock feed, mustard is sown immediately after harvesting early vegetables, early and mid-early potato varieties. What’s noteworthy is that you only need 100-150 g of mustard seeds to sow one hundred square meters. The seeds are sown by hand and immediately covered with a rake. True, there is one important feature that must be taken into account: the seeds must fall on moist soil. If the weather is dry, then after sowing the bed needs to be watered (by sprinkling) and preferably covered with film for 2-3 days. Shoots usually appear on the 3-4th day.
O. Krylova
(Ural Gardener No. 19, 2015)
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Sinapis juncea L.)
Brassica - the Latin name for cabbage - comes from the Celtic “bresic” - cabbage; Latin junceus - reed-like, reed-like; Greek “sinapi” - mustard. Sarepta mustard is named after the city of Sarepta in the Volgograd region (now this area is within the boundaries of Volgograd). It was grown in Sarepta over large areas. In Russia they began to breed it in the 13th century. for food and medicinal purposes.
Sarepta mustard is an annual herbaceous plant. The stem is erect, bare, branching in the upper part, up to 60 cm high. The root system is taproot. Leaves are alternate, petiolate; lower lyre-shaped, pinnately divided with larger upper lobes; medium lanceolate, notched; the upper ones are simple, almost entire, sessile, but not stem-encompassing.
The inflorescence is a brush-like raceme that quickly lengthens during flowering. The perianth is four-dimensional, the sepals are spaced, the corolla is golden-yellow, the limb of the petals quickly tapers into a marigold. There are 6 stamens, two shorter. Inflorescences are located at the ends of the stem and branches.
The fruits are cylindrical, pods deflected from the stem, with an awl-shaped nose, 7-12 mm long. The spout is thin, about a quarter of the length of the pod. The seeds are small, spherical, black-gray, brownish or pale yellow, up to 1 mm in diameter. It blooms in May, the fruits ripen in June.
The plant originates from Southwest Asia. In Russia, Sarepta mustard is one of the important oilseed crops. Cultivated in Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, the North Caucasus, and the Lower Volga region. It is found as a weed in crops, along roads and near homes in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia.
Other types of mustard - white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), black mustard (Brassica nigra Koch.) - are annual cultivated plants. Black mustard is cultivated in the southern part of Western Europe and Western Asia, white mustard is cultivated in the countries of Central and Northern Europe.
Black mustard differs from Sarepta mustard in having lighter yellow corolla petals and smaller seeds. This species is the main type of mustard in Western Europe, it is less productive than Sarepta mustard.
White mustard is an oilseed plant, distinguished by lyre-shaped leaves, heavily pubescent pods and large light yellow seeds. It is almost never used in medicine.
Mustard seeds are used for medicinal purposes.
The crop is harvested when the lower and middle pods ripen, the plant turns yellow and the lower leaves fall off. They mow using combines adapted for this purpose. The grass is dried in windrows and threshed using combines, preventing the seeds from drying out and falling off. The seeds are cleaned on winnowers. If necessary, the seeds are dried on currents, scattered in a thin layer (2-3 cm) on tarpaulins or other fabric. The yield of Sarepta mustard seeds is 5-10 c/ha.
The seeds contain thioglycoside (sulfur-containing glycoside) sinigrin, which is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard. Under the influence of enzymes, it hydrolyzes, releasing allyl isothiocyanate, called mustard essential oil, which gives mustard its pungent taste.
Sarepta mustard seeds contain up to 35% fatty oil, which includes erucic acid (41.5%), oleic acid (32%), linoleic acid (18%), linolenic acid (3%), lignoceric acid (1%), myristic acid (0. 5%) and beganic acid.
Doctors from the time of Hippocrates wrote that mustard promotes bowel function and urine flow. Mustard with honey was given orally for chest diseases as an expectorant, against chronic cough, as well as for the treatment of animal bites and poisoning with poisonous mushrooms. It was used for pulmonary hemorrhages, epilepsy, fever, chronic tonsillitis and pleurisy. At the same time, they warned that mustard, due to its pungency, was harmful to the stomach.
In the Russian herbal book of the 18th century. It is written: “Food seasonings with their spiciness not only increase appetite, but, moreover, by stimulating gastric fibers, promote digestion and thin out thick mucus.”
Fatty mustard oil is obtained by cold pressing. Used in the perfume, pharmaceutical and food industries.
Mustard essential oil is extracted from the cake by steam distillation. Low-fat cakes are turned into powder (mustard flour), from which mustard plasters and table mustard are made.
Mustard oil, containing nitrogen, sulfur and the glycoside sinigrin, is known for its skin irritant properties and can penetrate the skin. It is used as an external local irritant and distracting agent that causes redness of the skin.
Mustard oil in the form of mustard alcohol (2% alcohol solution of essential oil) is an enveloping agent for inflammatory processes and rheumatism.
Mustard powder is also used for general and foot baths as a means of stimulating blood circulation, deepening breathing, and facilitating mucus separation. To do this, 200 g of powder is stirred in 1 liter of warm water and poured into the bath. The bath is taken at a temperature of 35-36°C for 5-6 minutes, after which they are washed and wrapped in a blanket. Foot baths with mustard powder for 10 minutes are effective for colds (but only in the first hours).
The antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect of mustard has been noted, which is useful in cases of tuberculosis affecting the lymph glands.
Mustard has antimicrobial and antifungal properties, which served as the basis for using a solution of mustard powder to treat mycoses of the feet.
Mustard ointment is used to treat psoriasis and neurodermatitis.
Mustard seeds or table mustard are used as a means of improving appetite and stimulating the digestion process. The seeds are part of the gastric collection; but it is contraindicated in acute kidney inflammation and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Mustard plasters are used for colds, bronchitis, pleurisy, insomnia, bronchial asthma (applied to the calves), bronchopneumonia, rheumatism, neuritis.
For a reflex effect on circulatory function during hypertensive crisis, stroke, angina pectoris, mustard plasters are placed on the chest, heart area, back of the head, and calf muscles. As a result of their action, a burning sensation occurs at the site of application.
In folk medicine, mustard is used very widely.
For colds, flu, and chronic runny nose, it is recommended to pour mustard powder into socks and walk like this for several days.
For stomach catarrh, it is recommended to drink unground mustard seed with water. They start with one seed and reach twenty, increasing the dose by one seed every day. Having reached twenty seeds, you should reduce one seed per day, gradually fading away. Drink in the morning, on an empty stomach. The same remedy is used for dyspepsia.
For hiccups, mustard is used as follows. Pour a little mustard into a teaspoon, add table vinegar, stir, obtaining a paste, which is spread on approximately one third of the surface of the tongue. The feeling will be unpleasant, but you need to wait 2-4 minutes, then rinse your mouth with warm water. The hiccups go away almost instantly, sometimes even before rinsing your mouth.
Mustard is widely used in phytocosmetics.
Moderately dry and oily hair can be washed with mustard: pour a tablespoon of dry mustard into 400 ml of warm water, stir thoroughly, apply the mixture to the hair and skin, rub in lightly, and rinse off after 2-3 minutes.
For baldness, mustard powder is thoroughly mixed in warm (not higher than 60°C) water and the resulting slurry is applied to the bald areas until an intense burning sensation appears. Then the mustard is washed off. The procedure is repeated daily. If hair does not begin to grow within a month, further use of mustard is not advisable.
To treat pigmentation, mustard powder is poured with warm water, stirred to a paste consistency and lubricated on pigmented areas of the skin. After an intense burning sensation appears, the mustard is washed off and the skin is wiped dry. The procedure is carried out every other day. Per course - 10 glasses or more.
Contraindications: dilated skin blood vessels and excess facial hair in women.
Description of the plant. Sarepta mustard is an annual herbaceous plant of the cruciferous family. The main root is thin, spindle-shaped. The stem is erect, branching, 60-200 cm high, covered with a waxy coating, pubescent at the base with sparse bristly hairs, sometimes bare. The lower leaves are green, petiolate, slightly pubescent, lyre-pinnately dissected; the upper lobe is large, oval. The flowers are yellow, collected in a rather loose corymbose or racemose inflorescence. The fruits are pods 2.5-6 cm long and 2-3.5 mm wide, almost tetrahedral.
Blooms in June; the fruits ripen in late July - early August.
In medicine, to obtain mustard plasters and essential mustard oil, the cake remaining when squeezing the oil from Sarepta mustard seeds is used.
Habitats. Spreading. In Central Asia, Sarepta mustard grows scatteredly almost everywhere in the steppes, as well as in wastelands, near roads, and in crops. Grows in Eastern and Western Transcaucasia, sporadically in Ciscaucasia. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country and the southern regions of Western Siberia, it is found in crops, near roads, and near housing. Occasionally it is also found in the Non-Black Earth zone, where there is agriculture.
In Russia, mustard was introduced into cultivation in the 18th century near the city of Sarepta (now Krasnoarmeysky district of Volgograd). Here in 1810 the first mustard and oil pressing plant in Europe began operating. Currently, in terms of acreage, Sarepta mustard ranks third (after sunflower and flax) among oilseed crops. It is cultivated over a vast territory of the southern regions, mainly in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth regions of Russia, in Ukraine, the North Caucasus and in the south of Western Siberia.
Procurement and quality of raw materials. According to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia (IX edition), Sarepta mustard seeds are almost spherical, 1.2-1.8 mm in diameter, reddish-brown (light or dark), sometimes yellow with a bluish bloom. There is no smell, the taste is burning, mustard.
Sarepta mustard got its name from a village in the Lower Volga region, where they first began to grow the vegetable plant. This happened at the beginning of the 19th century, when the culture came to Russia from Asia. Even then, the properties of the plant, both nutritional and medicinal, were appreciated. This became the reason for including mustard in the State Pharmacopoeia (SP), a collection of standards that describes every valuable botanical species growing in the country.
Description of culture
Until now, the Volga region is the center of cultivation of this crop. Russia is one of the leading countries in the production of mustard-oil products, which are widely used (in the food, confectionery, perfume, and soap industries).
Mustard is also grown in summer cottages to use the young leaves in salads and the seeds in traditional medicine recipes. This crop of the Brassica family is a good feed for livestock and an excellent fertilizer for vegetable beds (mustard is a green manure plant).
To make it easier for beginners to navigate among the types of crops and not to plant weeds (white and black mustard) on the site, it is recommended to study the description of Sarepta mustard (as the plant is called in Ukraine). Another vegetable may be popularly called Sarep cabbage (one letter is sometimes lost when writing) or Russian mustard.
Sarepta mustard
Sarepta mustard
Elements | Description |
---|---|
Plant as a whole | Herbaceous, annual, cruciferous. Sings quickly and tolerates cold well |
Root | A rod that grows into the ground to a depth of 3 m |
Stem | Erect, 0.5 to 1.5 m high (in some varieties up to 2.5 m), with branches at the crown |
Leaves | Alternate, petiolate, painted in a bluish tint. They differ depending on the location on the bush: |
· lower pinnate, lyre-shaped, with large apical lobes; | |
medium notched, lanceolate; | |
top one-piece | |
Flowers | Quadripartite, small, yellow, bisexual. Located at the tops of branches in the form of elongated brushes |
Fruit | The mustard fruit is a cylindrical subulate-shaped pod, which can be seen slightly to the side of the inflorescence axis. |
Seeds | Sometimes yellow, but more often brown or reddish-brown balls, up to 1.3 mm in diameter |
Having studied the appearance of the plant, it will be easier to distinguish a field sample from one cultivated in gardens. For example, black mustard has a slightly different type of fruit - the tetrahedral pods are tuberculate and pressed against the stem. And the white variety has this characteristic - the fruit is rough and covered with protruding villi.
The peculiarities of the crop include early ripening - 2-3 weeks pass from sowing the seeds to harvesting the first greens. At the same time, young rosettes of leaves are used for food.
Due to its cold resistance, mustard develops better in early spring or early autumn. Summer heat has a negative effect on the plant - it quickly shoots, and the leaves almost immediately become coarse. To ensure that the nutritional value is not lost and the leaves remain tender longer, the planting is over-compacted.
The planting is over-compacted.
Varieties
Despite the fact that mustard is native to Asia, the culture has a wide distribution area. The Russian Federation alone can “boast” of the abundance of wild deposits and cultivated beds in Siberia, the Far East, as well as the European part of the country.
Sarepta mustard is also actively grown in Europe. At the same time, the type of soil does not matter for the plant - blue cabbage will grow on acidic marshy soils, sandstones and salt marshes, without paying much attention to climatic features.
The culture is so popular that breeders did not stand aside, creating many varieties of mustard. Many of them have long been mastered by summer residents.
The most common varieties of Sarepta mustard
Variety | Ester content/seed oil content, % | Seed/oil yield, t/ha | Features of the variety |
---|---|---|---|
Cinderella | 0,65/48 | 2,8/1,2 | Resistant to lodging, tolerant to pathogens. Blooms and ripens together. It is distinguished by the evenness of the bush and the absence of erucic acid |
Nika | 0,65/49 | 3,0/1,3 | Ripens quickly and blooms amicably. It is immune to major pathogens and does not lie down. The produced oil does not contain erucic acid |
Dewdrop | 0,82/46,7 | 2,45/1,2 | During the flowering period it reaches a height of 2.3 m. It is resistant to drought, diseases and pests. Suitable for early growing only |
Mriya (Dream) | 0,9/43 | 2,6/1,2 | It is resistant to lodging and seed shedding. Resistance to diseases and pests is average. Contains a small proportion of erucic acid (up to 0.1%) |
Summer residents also like to grow the following varieties: Ladushka, Muravushka, Krasnolistnaya, Salatnaya-54. And the early-ripening Volnushka is so compact that it takes root well on balconies and window sills of city apartments.
Those varieties grown in garden beds have similar growing rules. Many of them are involved in crop rotation up to 5 times per season, if the first sowing is done as soon as the soil is ripe.
Agricultural technology of Sarepta mustard
Growing stage | Peculiarities |
---|---|
Site selection | Despite the unpretentiousness of the crop, it is better to choose soils with a slightly alkaline (pH 7) or neutral reaction. Access to sunlight is a must |
Crop rotation | Mustard is planted in beds after potatoes, peas, cucumbers and onions. But after horseradish, radishes, turnips and rutabaga, it is not worth sowing the crop. Watercress and cabbage are also bad predecessors. |
Landing | Seeds are planted immediately in open ground with 3-line tapes at intervals: |
· between tapes – 0.5-0.6 m; | |
· between lines – 0.25-0.3 m. | |
Often used for intercropping with other crops, as a sealant | |
Thinning | Mustard is initially sown thickly, but no special thinning is carried out. This function is performed by selective harvesting |
Feeding | They are not necessary and are used only as an aid when the plant is stunted in growth. In this case, the beds are fed with nitrogen fertilizers |
Watering | The plant does not need a lot of water, but the nutritional quality of the leaves deteriorates due to lack of moisture. |
Other works | Loosening is carried out when a crust forms on the soil, weeding - when weeds appear |
You can collect green leaves for food from the moment the plant reaches a height of 5 cm. Only freshly picked produce is eaten, since the leaves have poor shelf life.
Properties of culture
Mustard seeds contain a large amount of fatty oils (up to 35%), and also contain myrosin and the glycoside sinigrin. Leaf mustard contains many microelements, the main of which are iron and calcium. The composition also contains vitamins PP, B1, B2, C, carotene, rutin. Pharmacognosy of Sarepta mustard, due to the large number of active biological substances included in the plant, has determined its medicinal area of application:
- treatment of inflammatory processes;
- use as an antiseptic;
- to disperse bile and secrete gastric juice;
- as an appetite stimulant;
- as an adjunct to oncology therapy;
- When applied topically, it is a distracting and irritating agent.
Mustard powder added to foot baths activates blood circulation, which speeds up the treatment of respiratory diseases. You can buy seed oil at the pharmacy and use it in external treatment of burns and superficial injuries to relieve pain.
Mustard has also found its use in cosmetology: for the treatment of alopecia, removing freckles, and nourishing the skin. But most often the culture is used in home cooking. At the same time, not only young leaves are eaten, but also seeds - to prepare a fiery seasoning that can be combined with any dishes. For example, the Italians have proven that fruit and mustard are completely compatible ingredients.
Contraindications
Due to the high content of esters and pungent substances, mustard should not be used by allergy sufferers. If you have pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammatory processes in the kidneys or gastritis, this product should not be included in the diet. But other people should use mustard (especially the seeds) with caution.
With excessive enthusiasm, bradycardia with shortness of breath, and sometimes loss of consciousness, may develop. Unripe seeds cause poisoning, manifested by vomiting, diarrhea, and severe stomach pain.
About pests
Aphid family
The beds are sprayed with insecticides and industrially produced biological products. Among herbal remedies, infusions of marigolds, henbane and dope, burdock, tobacco (or just dust), and dandelions are recommended.
The Russian salad product is considered the best in the world in terms of its totality of qualities. Domestic varieties of mustard are high-yielding, unpretentious to agricultural technology, and waste-free in processing. The seeds are the raw material for the production of edible and essential oils. The cake is used to feed livestock and is used to produce mustard powder. Farmers began to press even the husk and sell it as an effective fuel.
Video
Brassica juncea
Taxon: Brassica family ( Brassicaceae)
Folk names: mustard, Chinese mustard, Russian mustard, gray mustard
English: Mustard, Chinese Mustard, Brown Mustard
Sarepta mustard is named after the city of Sarepta in the Volgograd region (now it is a district within Volgograd).
Botanical description of mustard
An annual herbaceous plant 40-50 cm high. The root is tap root, relatively complex. Stems are straight, branched, glabrous. The leaves are simple, alternate, petiolate; the lower ones are lyre-pinnate, less often almost entire; stem - as they rise up the stem they become smaller, their plates become less separate, and the roots shorten; the uppermost ones are bluish. Mustard flowers are collected in corymbose racemes. The fruit is a linear pod, thin, with intertwining veins on the valves and a thin nose. Sarepta mustard seeds are small, spherical, black-gray, brown or pale yellow. It blooms in May, the fruits ripen in June.
In addition to Sarepta mustard, seeds of other types of mustard - white and black - are used for medicinal purposes. Both species are also annual cultivated plants.
Black mustard (Brassica nigra) differs from Sarepta in lighter corolla petals. Its seeds are somewhat smaller than those of Sarepta, reddish-brown in color, with pitting on the surface.
White mustard (Sinapis alba) differs from the two previous species in lyre-shaped leaves, usually a heavily pubescent pod with a flat nose, and large light yellow seeds with a smooth surface.
Where mustard grows
The homeland of Sarepta mustard is Central Asia. It is also found in the Caucasus, Western Siberia, and in the black earth zone of Russia. Mustard is cultivated in fields in the steppe zone.
Collection and preparation of mustard
For medicinal purposes, mustard seeds are collected during the ripening of the lower and middle pods. The grass is mowed with special devices, dried in windrows, and threshed with combines, preventing the seeds from drying out and falling off. If necessary, the seeds are dried by scattering them on a cloth in a thin (2-3 cm) layer.
Chemical composition of mustard
The seeds contain a glycoside - sinigrin, which, under the influence of merosin enzymes, decomposes into mustard oil, potassium sulfate and glucose.
Mustard seeds contain essential mustard oil, up to 25-35% fatty oil, which is obtained by pressing.
Mustard essential oil consists of allyl mustard (40%), crotonyl mustard oils and traces of carbon disulfide. The seeds contain a slow-drying fatty oil consisting of glycerin, erucic, omic, linoleic, linolenic, lignoceric, myristic and begonic acids. Dry mustard seeds do not smell of anything, but as soon as they are crushed in lukewarm water, the pungent smell of mustard is soon felt. These properties of mustard are explained by the fact that it contains the glycoside sinigrin.
Pharmacological properties of mustard
Mustard preparations have a local irritating, enveloping effect.
Use of mustard in medicine
Mustard resolves hot tumors; it is applied to the sore spot with sulfur for mumps. If you crush mustard and drink it with water sweetened with honey, it eliminates the constant feeling of sore throat. Mustard opens blockages in the ethmoid bones, helps with and is useful for “suffocation of the uterus.” There is an opinion that if you drink mustard on an empty stomach, it sharpens your intelligence. Mustard helps with poisoning by any poisons and clears vision.
Mustard seeds or table mustard are used internally as an appetizing, irritating agent that promotes the secretion of gastric juice and better digestion of food.
When applied topically, the irritating effect of mustard powder is widely used in the form of mustard plasters, mustard baths, as a distracting agent that causes blood redistribution (for example, for pneumonia).
Mustard medicinal preparations
Mustard is taken orally in case of opium poisoning to induce vomiting and (one pinch or 1.5 g of mustard powder is taken intermittently until vomiting begins).
Swallow 10 mustard seeds on an empty stomach 30 minutes before meals; increasing this portion daily to reach 20 seeds. If there are no seeds, you can use mustard powder, starting with 1/4 teaspoon, increase to a full teaspoon, with water. If there is a burning sensation, drink with warm olive oil or milk.
You can use a mixture of the following composition: 1 glass of wine, 1/4 teaspoon of mustard and a pinch of salt, mix well, drink 3 times a day.
Preparing mustard plasters: Mustard plasters are prepared by greasing sheets of paper with rubber glue and sprinkling them with mustard powder, which is pressed down and passed through rollers. If mustard plasters are made from non-fat mustard, then its fatty oil will interfere with the irritating effect of essential mustard oil and the therapeutic effect will be weak.
The effect of mustard plasters is explained by the fact that skin irritation causes a rush of blood to this area of the body, providing a therapeutic effect.
The effectiveness of the powder is increased by wetting it with warm water before use, rather than hot or cold, since enzymes - mustard compounds are unstable and hot water with temperatures above 60 ° C destroys them. Therefore, if mustard plasters are placed in boiling water, they will not have any effect: without the enzyme, the glycoside will not be broken down.
Mustard plasters are applied to the chest, the back of the head, the calf muscles, the heart area, etc. for a reflex effect on circulatory function (for hypertensive crises, threatened stroke, angina pectoris).
Mustard plasters are widely used for neuralgia and muscle pain, applying them to painful areas.
Mustard compresses(1 tsp mustard powder per glass of warm water). They are used in children's practice in addition to mustard plasters for. The compress is applied for 1-10 minutes.
Mustard powder obtained from defatted and dried cake of mustard seeds, which can be used both in a free state and as tinctures, infusions, mustard plasters.
Mustard powder or seeds are used for.
For chronic runny nose, mustard powder is poured into stockings or socks.
Mustard powder baths: 200 g of mustard per bath for adults and 20-150 g for children. Mustard baths stimulate blood circulation, deepen breathing, and facilitate expectoration of mucus. Sometimes they do foot baths.
Mustard powder mixed with honey mixed with a decoction of white lily flowers is used for...
Mustard oil can be used for rubbing. Preparation of mustard oil: dissolve 1 part mustard powder in 49 parts alcohol.
Mustard oil can be obtained not only by pressing mustard seeds, but also by distilling them. During distillation, the essential oil is distilled off in the form of a yellowish liquid with an extremely pungent odor; its volatile vapors strongly irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, causing lacrimation and inflammation; blisters swell on the skin from the oil and even form ulcers. The oil is poisonous and dangerous and therefore should not be used in its pure form. Use its 2% alcohol solution ( mustard alcohol) for rubbing for rheumatism.
Contraindications
Mustard preparations are contraindicated for kidney inflammation and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Using mustard on the farm
The volatile vapors of mustard have an antibacterial and phytoncidal effect: on this basis, it is now widely used in the food industry for storing perishable foods.
Photos and illustrations of mustard