Non-metallic minerals where they are mined. Minerals. Mineral Rights: Simplified Version
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Non-metallic minerals are represented by deposits of phosphorites, apatites, potassium and rock salts, limestones, marls, clays, sandstones, sulfur, as well as graphite, asbestos, mica, marble, quartz, fluorspar, etc.
The raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers are apatites, phosphorites and potassium salts.
Phosphorites and apatites are the feedstock from which phosphate fertilizers are produced. The largest apatite deposit, Khibinskoye, is located on the Kola Peninsula, near the city of Kirovsk. The balance reserves of this deposit are estimated at 2.7 billion tons. The apatite ores mined here are supplied as raw materials to the country's main superphosphate plants, and also serve as a raw material base for the production of alumina, as they contain a large amount of nepheline.
The main deposits of phosphorites are located in the European part of the country. The largest of them are located in the Kirov region (Vyatsko-Kama field), in the Moscow region (Egoryevskoye), in the Kursk region (Kursko-Shchigrovskoye), in the Bryansk region (Polpinskoye), in the Leningrad regions (Kingiseppskoye field), as well as in Western Siberia (Gornaya Shoria), in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. There are also separate deposits of phosphorites in Bashkortostan and Chuvashia.
Potassium salts serve as the starting material for the production of potash fertilizers. Russia accounts for 16% of the world's potassium salt reserves. The largest deposit of potassium salts - Verkhnekamskoye - is located in the Urals, in the Perm region, where the bulk of all reserves of potassium salts in Russia are contained.
Used to produce sulfuric acid sulfur And sulfuricpyrite. Significant reserves of native sulfur are located in the Samara region, as well as in the North Caucasus (Republic of Dagestan) and the Far East (Khabarovsk Territory). The main area for deposits and mining of sulfur pyrites is the Urals.
Reserves table salt are located in the Urals (Verkhnekamskoye deposits in the Perm and Iletskoye in the Orenburg regions), in the Lower Volga region (Baskunchakskoye and Eltonskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Usolskoye in the Irkutsk region), in the Far East (Olekminskoye in Yakutia).
Place of Birth mica are available in the North, in the Republic of Karelia and in the Murmansk region, in the Urals, in the northern regions of Siberia, as well as in the Far East (Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)).
Main industrial reserves asbestos located in the Urals. The most important deposits are Bazhenovskoye (Sverdlovsk region) and Kiembaevskoye (Orenburg region). A unique asbestos deposit - Molodezhnoe - is located in the Republic of Buryatia.
Mineral salts
Deposits of sodium chloride - table salt - are associated with the salt layers of the Pre-Ural foredeep and the Caspian syneclise. The formation of salt-bearing layers occurred at the end of the Paleozoic (270 million years ago) in a huge closed lagoon that existed here. Under hot, dry climate conditions, precipitation of halite, a mineral of rock salt, occurred in it, as well as the accumulation of gypsum. After the disappearance of the salt basin, a huge salt-covered plain remained. The salt was later covered by other sedimentary rocks. The pressure of these rocks on the salt led to the fact that the salt layers acquired mobility and fluidity. In zones weakened by faults, salt rushed upward through cracks, lifting and deforming the overlying rocks. Mountain-building movements from the Urals compressed the salt layers lying at the foot of the mountains, forming salt folds. The process of formation of salt domes in the Orenburg Cis-Urals occurred most intensively at the boundary of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.
At the Iletsk deposit, layers of rock salt come to the surface. Their reserves reach 820 million tons. Open industrial salt mining began here in the 30s of the 18th century. Currently, salt production is carried out using the mine method and amounts to 0.5 million tons per year.
Asbestos is used as a fire-resistant and heat-insulating material, for example in the manufacture of firefighting clothing. The Kiembaevskoye chrysotile asbestos deposit in the Yasnensky district of the region is one of the largest in Russia; proven reserves amount to 27 million tons of asbestos fiber.
Kaolin is used to make dishes and other earthenware products. The deposits are in the east of the region. The color of pure kaolin clays is white, and in the presence of impurities it can take on yellowish, brownish, reddish shades. Kaolin clays are formed as a result of long-term weathering of granites and gneisses in a humid and warm climate. The highest quality kaolins of the “extra” grade have been explored at the Terensai deposit (reserves - 12 million tons). The Dombarovsky district is also promising.
Deposits of landscape jasper in the Orsk region on Mount Polkovnik are world famous. According to academician A.E. Fersman, “the greatest and best deposit of jasper in the world is located in this area.” It has been known for more than 250 years. Jasper reserves amount to 2440 tons. Local jasper is famous for its variegation and fantastic coloring. They contain all the primary colors, with the exception of blue. The variegated color is associated with the distribution of hot volcanic solutions and gases of coloring impurities - oxides of iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, copper - in the thickness of basaltic lavas.
For technical purposes, gray and greenish-gray varieties of jasper are used. In jewelry and stone-cutting production, the most popular are landscape jaspers with a beautiful range of colors and intricate patterns.
Limestones
Limestones consist predominantly of limestone spar containing various impurities - clays, carbonaceous substances. Due to their marine origin, the composition of limestones is most often layered. Thick (up to 600 m) limestone strata of Paleozoic age form the eastern slope of the Urals. Limestone strata are part of the Paleozoic deposits in the western platform part of the region.
The formation of limestone deposits is associated with long periods of dominance of shallow open seas in a warm climate. Precipitation of limestones occurred both chemically when seawater was oversaturated with carbonates, and biogenically - by the accumulation of calcareous skeletons of marine organisms on the seabed. One of the largest in the region is the Akkermanovskoye limestone deposit with reserves of 400 million tons.
Gypsums are common in the Cis-Ural foredeep, where they form layers that cover salt domes on top, or form independent folds. Gypsum is a soft white mineral with gray, yellow, pink and other shades. Gypsum deposition took place in a shallow sea bay in a hot and dry climate. The Sludnaya Gora gypsum deposit (Dubinovskoye) with reserves of 28 million tons is being exploited.
Chalk is a soft white rock consisting of the smallest shells of marine protozoans (foraminifera), fragments of mollusk shells, remains of the skeletons of sea urchins, bryozoans, and corals. Chalk is widespread among rocks of the same name - the Cretaceous period** in the southwestern part of the region. The Cretaceous period is the latest stage of the Mesozoic era. During the Cretaceous period, when significant layers of chalk accumulated, the southern part of the Orenburg region was covered by a shallow sea basin with an extensive shelf. In the humid tropical climate, life was in full swing in the shallow waters, which gave rise to chalk deposits. Several deposits have been explored; The reserves of the largest - Akbulak - amount to 56 million tons.
Sand is a loose, loose rock of pale yellow color, consisting of fragments of various minerals (quartz, feldspars, with an admixture of mica and others), as well as fragments of rocks and skeletons of organisms. Formed during the destruction of rocks. Sand is used in industry for the production of glass, foundry molds and in construction.
The size of sand grains can range from 0.1 to 1 mm. Sand can be classified according to various parameters depending on the size of the grains - coarse-grained, dusty and clayey, depending on the conditions of occurrence - river, sea and mountain (gully). River and sea sands usually have rounded grains, while mountain sands contain sharp-angled grains. Mountain sands are more polluted with harmful impurities than river and sea sands. Sand is mined mainly in the southern and central parts of Russia, as well as in Western Siberia by open-pit mining.
Limestone is an organic sedimentary rock consisting primarily of calcite and also dolomite. Also found in almost all regions of Russia, it is used mainly as a building material. It is also mined by open-pit mining.
Marble (translated from Greek as “shining stone”) is a type of limestone. It can be soft and able to absorb moisture or quite hard, almost impervious to water. According to the area of application and possible processing methods, marbles are divided into white, gray and colored. Colored marbles can have a wide variety of colors - from yellow and pink to green or black. Sometimes marble contains veins of a different color, and such marble is considered especially valuable due to its high aesthetic qualities. Used as a finishing material. It is quite rare, so it is a fairly valuable mineral.
Granite is a rock consisting of quartz, two types of feldspars and mica. Various combinations of these components determine the color and structure of granite. Most granites are gray in color, but sometimes there are granites that are black, dark red, and even green or bluish-gray. Granite is easy to grind and polish. The main advantage is resistance to external influences (for example, granite can withstand temperatures up to 800 C°). Among natural minerals, it ranks second in strength after diamond.
Jasper (from the Greek “jasper” - variegated stone) is a crystalline rock consisting of quartz, chalcedony and admixtures of other minerals (chlorite, mica, pyrite, oxides of iron and manganese and others). It is a semi-precious ornamental stone. Among the jasper rocks there are almost quartz-free ones rich in garnet. The largest Russian jasper deposits are located in the Southern Urals, in the Orsk region, in Altai and in the basins of the Charysh and Bukhtarma rivers. Depending on the composition, pattern, color and deposits, they distinguish: agate jasper, Egyptian jasper, ribbon jasper, plasma and others.
Agate is a crystalline variety of quartz with a layered texture and banded color distribution. Deposits are numerous, found in both igneous and sedimentary rocks. Agate is found in large quantities in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky), in the Magadan region, Timan Ridge, and even in the Moscow region. Semi-precious ornamental stone, also used in instrument making. In ancient times, agate was also credited with various healing and mystical properties.
Diamond is the world's hardest mineral, an allotropic form of carbon. In jewelry, it is used in faceted form (diamond), and is one of the most valuable stones. Due to its hardness and strength, diamond is also used in industry for cutting hard materials. In Russia, diamonds were found in the Urals, Siberia and Yakutia
Emerald is a gemstone (a type of beryl) with a transparent green color. Some types of emerald are even more valuable than diamonds. Used in jewelry. In Russia it is found in the Ural Mountains.
Ruby (from the Latin “rubinus” - “red”) is a mineral, a type of corundum, belongs to the class of oxides. Red corundums are called rubies, and blue ones are called sapphires. On the territory of Russia, like most precious stones, it is found in the Urals.
Apatite (from the Greek "arate" - "deception" - was often mistaken for other minerals), a mineral from the group of calcium salts, containing variable amounts of fluorine and chlorine. As impurities, it sometimes contains up to 10% oxides of manganese, strontium and other elements, as well as less than 1% sodium, potassium, barium. The crystals are mostly hexagonal, elongated prismatic. In nature it occurs in the form of cryptocrystalline varieties. Color and optical properties vary depending on the impurity content. Green apatite contains a large amount of iron, blue apatite contains a large amount of manganese.
It is distributed mainly in rocks and is formed during various geological processes. Also found in granites, pegmatites, quartz veins, and crystalline schists. It is used for the production of phosphate fertilizers and in the chemical industry for the production of phosphoric acid, various salts, as well as phosphorus and its compounds. Also used in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, in the ceramic and glass industries.
Limestone is a widespread, pliable rock, easy to work with, but quite strong, despite its ability to dissolve. Limestones and their metamorphic analogues - marbles, dolomites - are widespread throughout the world. In the Middle Ages in Europe, numerous cities surrounded by fortress walls were built from limestone, including famous architectural monuments - the cathedrals of Paris, Milan, castles of the Loire, temples in Ancient Rus'...
Marble, a noble and durable material, was often used in the cladding of buildings. To appreciate the rich palette of colors of marble and jasper, another valuable material, it is enough to pay attention to the rich decor of many Moscow metro stations, which is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful in the world.
In Italy, in the town of Carrara, marble was mined from which the famous architects of the Renaissance - Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti - sculpted their creations.
Agrochemical raw materials
Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. To maintain soil fertility and obtain high yields, fertilizers are required. Since ancient times, ash, dung, and manure have been used for these purposes in agriculture. Modern agro-industrial production is increasingly using “fertility stones” - raw materials from agrochemical ores. All substances that increase soil fertility contain the most valuable components - phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. phosphorites are mined in many countries.
Large reserves of this valuable component are contained in apatite nepheline ores on the Kola Peninsula. In Mediterranean countries, phosphorites are associated with sedimentary rocks formed at the bottom of the ancient Tethys Sea.
Potassium salts help plants better tolerate drought and frost and promote growth. These minerals are mined mainly from salt-bearing deposits formed on the site of ancient seas. They are found on the territory of modern Germany, Poland, and Russia, but Canada occupies the first place in the world in the production of potassium salts (1/3 of all world production).
Mineral raw materials containing nitrogen are mainly saltpeter and peat. The largest deposits of saltpeter are located on the Pacific coast of South America, in the Atacama Desert in Chile and in the Sechura Desert in Peru.
Precious and semi-precious stones
These minerals are not industrial raw materials and are not used as fuel. But their extraction is one of the brightest and most exciting pages in the history of mankind, and for some countries it is the main source of income.
Beautiful stones from which jewelry was made were very popular at all times, and their search and extraction sometimes had the character of “fever”, when rumors of rich finds prompted many people to go in search of them. For several centuries, people were worried about “gold and silver rushes” in California and Alaska, “diamond rushes” in India and South Africa, and numerous “emerald rushes” in Brazil and Colombia. The methods of extracting precious stones have not changed much - it is hard manual labor, washing many cubic meters of rock in search of precious stones and metals.
Water serves as the source of all life on our planet, a source of energy, a source of ores (since it contains dissolved particles of various minerals), it can be used both in everyday life and in medicine... There is no other mineral that people need so much. Without water or in conditions of its scarcity, lands become dried out and lifeless. Now 1/3 of the world's population suffers from water shortages. The waters of rivers and seas know no boundaries, and their pollution on the territory or waters of one country leads to the poisoning of nature in others. Therefore, the protection of water resources is a priority problem for all countries of the world.
Non-metallic minerals - used in industry and construction in their natural form or as raw materials. Non-metallic minerals can refer to minerals or rocks. Oil, coal, other fossil fuels (fossil fuels), and groundwater (fossil hydrominerals) are excluded from this definition. Materials such as sand, pebbles, crushed stone, gravel, sandstone, clay, chalk, etc. can be considered both as non-metallic minerals and as a special category - common minerals.
Over the past decades, non-metallic minerals have far surpassed metal ores in terms of production volumes and the cost of raw materials used.
In terms of technological and economic development, non-metallic minerals have their own specifics that distinguish this group from metallic minerals. One of these differences is the strong influence of the composition and properties of raw materials, both on the technology of its processing and on the final product, which requires, when assessing deposits, an assessment of the applicability of this particular type of mineral, taking into account its specific properties (for example, thermolite-containing talc, as opposed to steatite talcs). The second difference between many non-metallic minerals is, on the one hand, the use of the same type of raw material in many sectors of the economy, on the other hand, the interchangeability of many types of raw materials (as a filler, the same talc can be replaced with barite or kaolin).
Application
Non-metallic minerals find a variety of uses in the economy: as building materials (granite, limestone, dolomite, marble, sandstones, etc.), as raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorite, potassium salts, apatite), raw materials for general chemical production (native sulfur , pyrite, apatite), raw materials for metallurgy (fluxes: limestones, quartzites, fluorite), as refractory materials for metallurgy (dolomite, magnesite, refractory clays), as raw materials for the production of mineral paints (ocher, cinnabar), as technical crystals (diamond , piezoquartz, Iceland spar), as precious and semi-precious stones (emerald, agate, malachite, turquoise, etc.), as abrasive materials (corundum).
The variety of properties of these minerals is reflected in their complex applications, for example, graphite is used in metallurgy, nuclear energy, electrical engineering and as a raw material in several different branches of chemistry.
The range of non-metallic minerals is constantly increasing with the development of new technologies that allow the industrial development of previously unused rocks and minerals, such as perlite or wollastonite.
Classification.
Nonmetallic minerals, as a group, are extremely heterogeneous. As a result, there is no single generally accepted classification.
These fossils can be classified according to several parameters. Two main types of classification:
· by area of use: mining chemical raw materials, mining and metallurgical raw materials, building materials, technical crystals;
· by geological origin: rocks (as a rule, mass raw materials with large deposits of a relatively simple structure and with low cost) and minerals (as a rule, relatively rare raw materials with small deposits of a complex structure and with high cost);
Limestones, dolomites.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock of organic, less often chemogenic origin, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of calcite crystals of various sizes.
Limestone, consisting mainly of shells of marine animals and their fragments, is called shell rock. In addition, there are nummulitic, bryozoan and marble-like limestones - massively layered and thin-layered. During metamorphism, limestone recrystallizes and forms marble.
Calcium carbonate, which is part of limestone, can slowly dissolve in water and also decompose into carbon dioxide and corresponding bases. The first process is the most important factor in the formation of karst, the second, occurring at great depths under the influence of the deep heat of the Earth, provides a source of gas for mineral waters.
Limestone is an organic sedimentary rock consisting primarily of calcite and also dolomite. Also found in almost all regions of Russia, it is used mainly as a building material. It is also mined by open-pit mining.
Limestones consist predominantly of limestone spar containing various impurities - clays, carbonaceous substances. Due to their marine origin, the composition of limestones is most often layered. Thick (up to 600 m) limestone strata of Paleozoic age form the eastern slope of the Urals. Limestone strata are part of the Paleozoic deposits in the western platform part of the region.
The formation of limestone deposits is associated with long periods of dominance of shallow open seas in a warm climate. Precipitation of limestones occurred both chemically when seawater was oversaturated with carbonates, and biogenically - by the accumulation of calcareous skeletons of marine organisms on the seabed.
Dolomites.
A mineral from the carbonate class. Chemical composition -- CaMg(CO3)2.
A sedimentary carbonate rock consisting of 95% or more of the mineral dolomite.
Properties.
The composition of the mineral is close to theoretical. Typically massive, coarse- to fine-grained and porcelain-like aggregates. Color - colorless or white, yellowish, brownish (due to the admixture of iron hydroxides and clay particles). The luster is glassy to matte and pearlescent. Fragile. The cleavage is perfect. Hardness 3.5-4.0. The fracture is stepwise to conchoidal (in porcelain-like aggregates). The line is white. It reacts weakly with HCl (however, it boils violently in hot HCl). It boils under the influence of a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in powder (in a scratch).
Origin
Sedimentary-chemogenic in association with halides, gypsum, anhydrite. Hydrothermal, often with calcite. During metamorphic processes it recrystallizes, forming dolomite marbles.
It is formed during the metamorphism of basic igneous rocks and from calcite when exposed to magnesium solutions. Dolomite makes up the rock of the same name and is often an admixture in limestones and marble.
Usage
· Fireproof material.
· Flux in metallurgy.
· Raw materials in the chemical industry, glass production.
· Insect control agent. finely ground dolomite causes abrasive destruction of chitinous integuments in insects. The strongest impact occurs at the joints.
· Dolomite slabs and products for interior decoration, cladding both outside and inside.
· Dolomite flour is used for deoxidation (liming) of soils. Dolomite flour not only reduces the acidity of the soil, but also saturates it with calcium and manganese (fertilizes).
· Used (together with boron, lead and clay) when backfilling the core of the 4th power unit during the liquidation of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Sedimentary minerals most typical for platforms, since the platform cover is located there. These are mainly non-metallic minerals and fuels, the leading role among which is played by gas, oil, coal, and oil shale. They were formed from the remains of plants and animals accumulated in the coastal parts of shallow seas and in lake-marsh land conditions. These abundant organic remains could accumulate only in sufficiently humid and warm conditions favorable for lush development. In hot, dry conditions, in shallow seas and coastal lagoons, salts accumulated, which are used as raw materials in.
Mining
There are several ways mining. Firstly, this is an open method in which rocks are mined in quarries. It is more economically beneficial, as it helps to obtain a cheaper product. However, an abandoned quarry can cause a wide net to form. The mine method of coal mining requires large expenditures and is therefore more expensive. The cheapest method of oil production is flowing, when oil rises through a well under oil gases. The pumping method of extraction is also common. There are also special methods of mining. They are called geotechnological. With their help, ore is mined from the depths of the Earth. This is done by pumping hot water and solutions into the layers containing the necessary minerals. Other wells pump out the resulting solution and separate the valuable component.
The need for minerals is constantly growing, the extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing, but minerals are exhaustible natural resources, so it is necessary to use them more economically and fully.
There are several ways to do this:
- reducing losses of minerals during their extraction;
- more complete extraction of all useful components from the rock;
- integrated use of mineral resources;
- search for new, more promising deposits.
Thus, the main direction in the use of minerals in the coming years should not be an increase in the volume of their production, but a more rational use.
In modern searches for mineral resources, it is necessary to use not only the latest technology and sensitive instruments, but also a scientific forecast for the search for deposits, which helps to conduct targeted subsoil exploration on a scientific basis. It was thanks to such methods that diamond deposits in Yakutia were first scientifically predicted and then discovered. A scientific forecast is based on knowledge of the connections and conditions for the formation of minerals.
Brief description of the main minerals
The hardest of all minerals. Its composition is pure carbon. It is found in placers and as inclusions in rocks. Diamonds are colorless, but they are also found in various colors. A cut diamond is called a diamond. Its weight is usually measured in carats (1 carat = 0.2 g). The largest diamond was found in Yuzhnaya: it weighed more than 3,000 carats. Most diamonds are mined in Africa (98% of production in the capitalist world). In Russia, large diamond deposits are located in Yakutia. Clear crystals are used to make gemstones. Before 1430, diamonds were considered common gemstones. The trendsetter for them was the Frenchwoman Agnes Sorel. Due to their hardness, opaque diamonds are used industrially for cutting and engraving, as well as for polishing glass and stone.
A soft, malleable metal, yellow in color, heavy, and does not oxidize in air. In nature it is found mainly in its pure form (nuggets). The largest nugget, weighing 69.7 kg, was found in Australia.
Gold is also found in the form of placers - this is the result of weathering and erosion of the deposit, when grains of gold are released and carried away, forming placers. Gold is used in the production of precision instruments and various jewelry. In Russia, gold lies on and in. Abroad - in Canada, South Africa,. Since gold occurs in nature in small quantities and its extraction is associated with high costs, it is considered a precious metal.
Platinum(from the Spanish plata - silver) - a precious metal from white to steel-gray color. It is characterized by refractoriness, resistance to chemical influences and electrical conductivity. It is mined mainly in placers. It is used for the manufacture of chemical glassware, in electrical engineering, jewelry and dentistry. In Russia, platinum is mined in the Urals and Eastern Siberia. Abroad - in South Africa.
Gems(gems) - mineral bodies with beautiful color, brilliance, hardness, and transparency. They are divided into two groups: stones used for cutting and semi-precious stones. The first group includes diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, and aquamarine. The second group includes malachite, jasper, and rock crystal. All precious stones, as a rule, are of igneous origin. However, pearls, amber, and coral are minerals of organic origin. Precious stones are used in jewelry and for technical purposes.
Tuffs- rocks of various origins. Calcareous tuff is a porous rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from sources. This tuff is used to produce cement and lime. Volcanic tuff - cemented. Tuffs are used as a building material. Has different colors.
Mica- rocks that have the ability to split into thin layers with a smooth surface; found as impurities in sedimentary rocks. Various micas are used as a good electrical insulator, for the manufacture of windows in metallurgical furnaces, and in the electrical and radio industries. In Russia, mica is mined in Eastern Siberia, in. Industrial development of mica deposits is carried out in Ukraine, the USA, .
Marble- crystalline rock formed as a result of limestone metamorphism. It comes in various colors. Marble is used as a building material for wall cladding, architecture and sculpture. In Russia there are many of its deposits in the Urals and the Caucasus. Abroad, the most famous marble is mined in.
Asbestos(Greek: inextinguishable) - a group of fibrous, fireproof rocks that split into soft greenish-yellow or almost white fibers. It occurs in the form of veins (a vein is a mineral body that fills a crack in the earth’s crust, usually has a plate-like shape, going vertically to great depths. The length of the veins reaches two or more kilometers), among igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is used for the manufacture of special fabrics (fire insulation), tarpaulins, fire-resistant roofing materials, as well as thermal insulation materials. In Russia, asbestos mining is carried out in the Urals, in, and abroad - in and other countries.
Asphalt(resin) - a brittle, resinous rock of brown or black color, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Asphalt melts easily, burns with a smoky flame, and is a product of changes in certain types of oil, from which some of the substances have evaporated. Asphalt often penetrates sandstones, limestones, and marl. It is used as a building material for road surfaces, in electrical engineering and the rubber industry, for the preparation of varnishes and mixtures for waterproofing. The main asphalt deposits in Russia are the Ukhta region, abroad - in, in France,.
Apatity- minerals rich in phosphorus salts, green, gray and other colors; found among various igneous rocks, in some places forming large accumulations. Apatites are mainly used for the production of phosphate fertilizers, they are also used in the ceramics industry. In Russia, the largest deposits of apatite are located in, on. Abroad, they are mined in the Republic of South Africa.
Phosphorites- Sedimentary rocks rich in phosphorus compounds that form grains in the rock or bind various minerals together into a dense rock. The color of phosphorites is dark gray. They, like apatites, are used to produce phosphate fertilizers. In Russia, phosphorite deposits are common in the Moscow and Kirov regions. Abroad, they are mined in the USA (Florida Peninsula) and.
Aluminum ores- minerals and rocks used to produce aluminum. The main aluminum ores are bauxite, nepheline and alunite.
Bauxite(the name comes from the area of Beau in the south of France) - sedimentary rocks of red or brown color. 1/3 of the world's reserves lie in the north, and the country is one of the leading countries in their production. In Russia, bauxite is mined in. The main component of bauxite is aluminum oxide.
Alunites(the name comes from the word alun - alum (French) - minerals that contain aluminum, potassium and other inclusions. Alunite ore can be a raw material for the production of not only aluminum, but also potash fertilizers and sulfuric acid. Alunite deposits are in the USA , China, Ukraine, and other countries.
Nephelines(the name comes from the Greek “nephele”, which means cloud) - minerals of complex composition, gray or green in color, containing a significant amount of aluminum. They are part of igneous rocks. In Russia, nephelines are mined in and in Eastern Siberia. Aluminum obtained from these ores is a soft metal, produces strong alloys, and is widely used in the production of household goods.
Iron ores- natural mineral accumulations containing iron. They are varied in mineralogical composition, the amount of iron in them and various impurities. Impurities can be valuable (manganese chromium, cobalt, nickel) and harmful (sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic). The main ones are brown iron ore, red iron ore, and magnetic iron ore.
Brown iron ore, or limonite, is a mixture of several minerals containing iron with an admixture of clay substances. It has a brown, yellow-brown or black color. It is most often found in sedimentary rocks. If the ores of brown iron ore - one of the most common iron ores - have an iron content of at least 30%, then they are considered industrial. The main deposits are in Russia (Ural, Lipetsk), Ukraine (), France (Lorraine), on.
Hematite, or hematite, is a red-brown to black mineral containing up to 65% iron.
It is found in various rocks in the form of crystals and thin plates. Sometimes it forms clusters in the form of hard or earthy masses of a bright red color. The main deposits of red iron ore are in Russia (KMA), Ukraine (Krivoy Rog), USA, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Canada, Sweden.
Magnetic iron ore, or magnetite, is a black mineral containing 50-60% iron. This is high quality iron ore. Composed of iron and oxygen, highly magnetic. It occurs in the form of crystals, inclusions and solid masses. The main deposits are in Russia (Ural, KMA, Siberia), Ukraine (Krivoy Rog), Sweden and the USA.
Copper ores- mineral accumulations containing copper in quantities suitable for industrial use. Typically, ores containing copper of 1% or more are processed. Most copper ores require beneficiation - the separation of waste rock from the valuable component. About 90% of the world's copper reserves are concentrated in deposits whose ores, in addition to copper, include some other metal. Most often this is nickel. Copper is widely used in industry, especially in the electrical industry and in. Copper is used to produce alloys that are widely used both in everyday life and in industry: copper alloy with tin (bronze), copper alloy with nickel (nickel silver), copper alloy with zinc (brass), copper alloy with aluminum (duralumin). In Russia, copper ores occur in the Urals, Eastern Siberia, and the Kola Peninsula. There are rich ore deposits in Kazakhstan, including numerous minerals containing tin. Tin ores with a tin content of 1-2% or more are being developed. These ores require beneficiation - increasing the valuable component and separating waste rock, so ores are used for smelting, the tin content of which has been increased to 55%. Tin does not oxidize, which is why it is widely used in the canning industry. In Russia, tin ores are found in Eastern Siberia and on, and abroad they are mined in Indonesia, on the peninsula.
Nickel ores- mineral compounds containing nickel. It does not oxidize in air. The addition of nickel to steels greatly increases their elasticity. Pure nickel is used in mechanical engineering. In Russia it is mined on the Kola Peninsula, the Urals, and Eastern Siberia; abroad - in Canada, on
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