Sperm (ejaculate) analysis. Spermogram. What is the name of spermogram analysis to determine fertility? What is the name of spermogram analysis
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A spermogram is a laboratory test of ejaculate that allows one to assess the ability of male sperm to fertilize a female egg. The results of a spermogram help identify and determine its causes. How to take the test correctly? Is it possible to decipher its result yourself? What are the basic norms and indicators of the study?
By examining the ejaculate, the doctor has the opportunity to assess the degree of male health. In addition, a spermogram helps to identify a number of diseases of the genitourinary system (prostatitis, varicocele, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.).
It is mainly prescribed to men who are suspected of infertility. Modern reproductive technologies make it possible to solve the problem even when the spermogram result turns out to be bad.
In order for the analysis to be as accurate as possible, it is important to properly prepare for it. the following:
- It is possible to collect material for research only through masturbation, since after sexual contact elements of the vaginal microflora may be found in the material being studied.
- It is prohibited to use a condom, as the product contains artificial lubricant.
- At least 2 weeks before the proposed test, you are prohibited from taking any medications. This is especially true for antibacterial drugs, which can affect the interpretation of the analysis.
Urologist Alexander Nikolaevich Zakutsky will tell you how to properly prepare for the analysis:
- Material for research can only be collected in laboratory conditions. In some cases, it is possible to do this at home. However, in this case, it is important to observe hygiene standards and collect the ejaculate in a sterile plastic container. During transportation, the container should be kept at a temperature of about 37 degrees. Alternatively, carry it under your arm. Transportation time should not exceed 1 hour.
- For 3-4 days before collecting material, it is important to observe sexual abstinence, refuse to visit the bathhouse, take a hot bath and drink alcoholic beverages.
In order to be able to assert the accuracy of spermogram decoding, it must be done at least 2-3 times. This is due to the fact that the composition of sperm can be influenced by many factors, such as foods consumed, medications, stressful situations, high physical activity, etc.
There are situations when, after orgasm, sperm is not released in the usual way. This condition is called retrograde ejaculation, when ejaculation occurs into the bladder. In this case, sperm can be detected in a urine test.
Retrograde ejaculation
A bad result after the first spermogram should not become a reason for a man’s upset. To talk about a particular problem, the analysis must be carried out at least 2-3 times. The interpretation of a repeat study may be different.
Types of spermogram
There are several types of analysis:
- Basic - performed in accordance with standards approved by WHO and consists of basic indicators.
- MAR test. Deciphering the MAP test allows you to identify antisperm bodies that are capable of destroying sperm.
- Kruger spermogram is a study of sperm morphology.
Embryologist Tatyana Vladimirovna Dubko tells what the MAP test shows:
Carrying out the three listed tests simultaneously is called an extended spermogram. It is usually recommended to carry out it when the transcript of the basic study has any deviations from the norm.
Sometimes men are prescribed a biochemical study of the ejaculate (determining the level of glucosidase, L-carnitine, fructose and other indicators). To assess the structure and functioning of sperm, a phase-contrast study is used.
Decoding the spermogram
The interpretation of the spermogram analysis should be carried out by a doctor based on the norms and indicators of the study.
Terms used
To describe sperm, doctors use the following concepts:
- – complete absence of sperm in the presented ejaculate.
- Akinozoospermia – there are sperm in the sample, but they are all immobile.
- – sperm have reduced motility.
- Antisperm antibodies are antibodies that the male body produces to counteract sperm.
- Hemospermia is the presence of red blood cells in the submitted ejaculate sample.
- Leukocytospermia is the detection of an excess number of leukocytes.
- Necrozoospermia is the absence of live sperm in the submitted research sample.
- Normozoospermia is the identification of any deviations from the norm that may affect the possibility of conception.
- Normospermia - all indicators indicated in the transcript are within normal limits, a healthy state.
- Oligozoospermia – the volume of sperm released is insufficient (below 2 ml).
- – the number of sperm with an abnormal structure or functioning in the presented result is too high (more than half).
Spermogram norms
When deciphering the analysis, the doctor pays attention to the basic parameters of the spermogram, comparing them with the norm.
Table 1. Spermogram norms for sperm assessment
Table 2. Spermogram norms for sperm assessment
Features of spermogram decoding
When deciphering a spermogram, the doctor pays attention to a number of features:
- Liquefaction time. A condition is considered normal when the period of sperm liquefaction is at least 10 minutes and no more than 1 hour from the moment of ejaculation, after which it becomes viscous. The seminal fluid contains enzymes produced by the prostate that facilitate this process. If after 1 hour the viscosity remains at the initial level, this may indicate problems in the functioning of the prostate gland. Therefore, the chemical composition of the ejaculate will be incorrect. This can affect sperm motility.
- Acidity level. The female vagina is dominated by an acidic environment, which can negatively affect the condition of sperm. Consequently, they lose the opportunity to fertilize an egg. In order for the sperm to be able to do this, it requires the protection provided by the seminal fluid. Thanks to its unique composition, it reduces the acidic environment of the vagina and allows sperm to reach the uterus. If this indicator is the only one that does not correspond to the norm, then this condition is not considered a pathology. If there are other deviations, this may indicate a specific diagnosis.
- Sperm volume. A normal level is considered to be between 2 and 6 ml. If this volume turns out to be lower, then the number of sperm contained here will also be lower than normal. This may be the cause of male infertility. An insufficient volume of ejaculate is also unable to protect germ cells when they enter the vaginal cavity. If, during the first spermogram, the sperm volume is below normal, this is not a cause for concern. In this case, the patient is recommended to undergo a re-examination and compare transcripts.
- Sperm color. Typically, seminal fluid has a white-gray tint. A milky or yellowish tint to the semen is also normal. If the color turns out to be pink or even brown, this may be due to an increased level of red blood cells. There are no germ cells in clear sperm.
- Leukocyte level. If their number does not exceed 1 million in 1 ml, this is considered normal. If there are more of them, this indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the genitals.
- Red blood cell level. In normal condition they should not be there. They can appear as a result of the development of an inflammatory process, the presence of a tumor, or after an injury. The presence of blood in the spermogram indicates a disease of the urethra or a previous injury.
- Presence of mucus. It should not be present in a normal spermogram. If its presence can be seen in the transcript, this indicates the presence of an inflammatory process.
- Concentration of sperm in the spermogram.
Urologist Sergei Gennadievich Lenkin will talk about normal diagnostic indicators:
- Sperm motility in the spermogram. There are 4 categories:
- Category A – sperm move in a straight line and travel about 0.025 mm in 1 second. Most of these cells are newly formed.
- Category B - movement occurs in a straight line, but at a speed below 0.025 mm per second. There are about 10-15% of such cells in the spermogram. They are aging or have structural abnormalities.
- Category C – movement occurs in a circle or in one place. There will be 5-15% of such cells in the transcript.
- Category D – completely immobilized sperm. Half of these cells are old or already dead.
Even when deciphering a normal spermogram, cells of all 4 types will be identified. If transcripts of several spermograms show the presence of necrozoospermia, then the only way for a couple to become parents is artificial insemination or IVF using donor sperm.
- Cell morphology. When making a decoding for IVF or determining infertility, it is important to determine the number of germ cells with correct and abnormal structure. This can be done by tinting them.
- Agglutination is the process of gluing together germ cells. The cause of this condition may be a disruption of the immune system or the presence of an inflammatory process in the genitals.
- ACAT is an immunoglobulin protein that is produced by both male and female bodies. The presence of protein in the spermogram may be the cause of male infertility.
On our website there is an online calculator that makes it possible to decipher the spermogram:
Abnormalities in the spermogram
The normal spermogram assumes the presence of at least 50% of active germ cells. The reasons for the presence of a large number of immobilized sperm in the transcript may be as follows:
- Presence of diseases of the genital organs.
- Drinking alcoholic beverages.
- Smoking.
- Wearing tight underwear.
- Using intimate lubricants.
- Frequent stress.
- Hypovitaminosis.
Decoding the spermogram according to Kruger can reveal low sperm motility due to a disorder in the structure of the cells.
When deciphering a spermogram, it is important to know under what conditions the study was carried out. It has been noted that at elevated body temperature in the ejaculate, sperm motility increases, while at room temperature it decreases. Therefore, if the temperature in the room where the study is being carried out is within +10 degrees, then even healthy sperm will have little mobility. To ensure that the interpretation of the analysis is as reliable as possible, laboratories use special thermostats, which make it possible to study the material at temperatures as close as possible to those of the human body.
The reason for the decrease in the number of germ cells in the ejaculate may be one of the following conditions:
- Disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system (dysfunction of the adrenal glands or thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, disorders in the pituitary-hypothalamic system).
- Diseases of the genitourinary system ( , prostatitis, varicocele, etc.).
- Increased body temperature.
Immunologist Georgy Aleksandrovich Ermakov talks about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of varicocele:
- Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures (in the workshop, etc.).
- Genetic disorders (Klinefelter syndrome, etc.).
- The effect of toxic substances on the body (alcohol, some medications, such as sleeping pills, steroids, etc.).
When determining the fertility index, the doctor pays special attention to the number and motility of sperm. If, after deciphering the study, a man is diagnosed with asthenozoospermia, then his chance of becoming a father is significantly reduced. However, an increase in the motility of germ cells does not yet guarantee pregnancy.
What affects the quality of spermogram?
Many factors can influence the functioning of the male reproductive system. The main thing is stress. It is noted that by following a daily routine, increasing physical activity and minimizing the impact of harmful factors on the body, the quality of seminal fluid gradually improves. Doctors associate this with the human body’s ability to heal itself. To do this they recommend:
- Choose regions with normal environmental conditions for living.
- Maintain a daily routine.
- Give up any bad habits.
- Pay attention to the quality of food.
- Lead an active lifestyle and exercise regularly.
Compliance with these rules helps in a short time to restore sperm parameters, which in the transcript could contain some deviations from the norm. If the cause of negative changes in sperm is a change in a man’s hormonal levels, the doctor will prescribe him to take certain medications that can quickly restore the situation.
How to improve performance?
If your mobility score is below normal, your doctor can suggest what you can do to improve it. A good effect is achieved by using antioxidant drugs that are able to bind free radicals in the body. Studies have shown that if a man drinks 1 glass of freshly squeezed fruit or vegetable juice twice a day, then after 3-4 months the sperm count improves significantly.
In order to ultimately get a good spermogram result, doctors recommend that men completely reconsider their diet. It should be based on foods high in vitamins and minerals. At the same time, you should reduce the amount of foods that may contain toxins (meat, fish, eggs, coffee, smoked meats, etc.).
Urologist Andrei Aleksandrovich Lukin tells what needs to be done to improve diagnostic indicators:
The basis of the diet should consist of fresh vegetables, fruits, herbs and dairy products. Regular consumption of the following products has shown good results: ghee, cheese, nuts, honey, beans, natural yogurt, fruits, herbs, dried fruits, sweet seasonings.
One of the essential vitamins for men's health is vitamin B11, which can be obtained from special nutritional supplements that your doctor will recommend. They are always prescribed to men before artificial insemination or IVF, cryopreservation of biological material, or in preparation for donation.
Having received a transcript of a spermogram with disappointing indicators, a man should understand that this does not always mean a disruption of the reproductive system and the inability to have children. Today medicine has learned to successfully solve many problems. To do this, the attending physician will prescribe the man to take hormonal or supportive medications, the use of which will allow and increase the chance of a long-awaited pregnancy.
A spermogram is a method of studying male seminal fluid. The second name of this analysis is spermatogram. In this article we will talk about how to properly take a spermogram and why it is necessary.
Why do a spermogram?
A spermogram is used in medicine to assess the fertilizing ability of sperm, i.e. to identify possible diseases of the reproductive system and establish a man’s fertility. A spermogram test is necessary for infertility treatment, for seminal fluid donors and before sperm cryopreservation.
Before taking a spermogram, it is recommended to go to an appointment with a urologist or andrologist. These doctors will give you a referral for analysis and advise where the best place to take a spermogram is. Now this analysis is carried out by almost all medical laboratories. It is important that sperm fertility is assessed not by individual parameters, but by all indicators simultaneously. Semen analysis should include:
- physical parameters (color, volume, pH, liquefaction rate and viscosity);
- quantitative characteristics (motility and number of sperm per 1 ml of ejaculate);
- morphological features (content of normal sperm and with pathology);
- the presence of spermatogenesis and agglutination cells;
- content of erythrocytes, leukocytes, mucus.
If the results differ significantly from the norm, or when male infertility is diagnosed, a retake of the spermogram is prescribed. The doctor deciphers the results obtained and, in case of any pathology, establishes the causes.
How to properly pass a spermogram analysis?
It is not always possible to pass a spermogram the first time, but to avoid this, you need to follow some rules:
- observe sexual abstinence for 2-7 days;
- completely eliminate alcohol intake for at least a week;
- eliminate the influence of toxic substances on the body for a period of 3 months (these could be bad habits - smoking, occupational hazards - various types of intoxication);
- in the presence of inflammatory genitourinary diseases (orchitis, prostatitis, urethritis, vesiculitis, epididymitis), it is better to take a spermogram when at least 2 weeks have passed after therapy;
- in case of recent acute infectious and inflammatory diseases occurring with elevated body temperature, diagnosis should be postponed for 7-10 days;
- refrain from visiting the sauna and bathhouse for 10 days;
- when performing a prostate massage, a spermogram is usually necessary after 7-10 days;
- within 24 hours before collecting seminal fluid, it is advisable to avoid heavy mental and physical stress.
If male infertility is suspected, it is recommended to take a spermogram at least twice, with an interval of 7-20 days. If the indicators differ greatly, an additional analysis of the ejaculate is performed. Compliance with the listed rules minimizes the influence of negative factors that reduce the qualitative and quantitative indicators of sperm analysis.
What do you need to take a spermogram?
In order to take a spermogram, you need to collect seminal fluid in a special sterile container by masturbation, after which it must be immediately submitted to the laboratory. Containers are provided free of charge in the laboratory. Is it possible to take a spermogram at home? Yes, you can. Only after this the collected ejaculate cannot be allowed to cool, and it should be delivered for analysis within 20-30 minutes. However, now many diagnostic centers have a separate room for collecting seminal fluid.
Spermogram analysis is an analysis as a result of which a specialist determines the properties of sperm.
A bad spermogram can indicate both infertility in a man and some other diseases, including inflammatory processes in the male body and infectious diseases.
The advantage of such a sperm test is that it allows you to obtain the maximum amount of information valuable to the doctor. In addition, the analysis method is very simple, and the finished spermogram result can be assessed within a few days after the analysis.
And now in more detail about the procedure and how you can independently check the spermogram result.
A spermogram is a special laboratory test of male sperm, which is carried out to assess a man’s ability to fertilize women. In addition to the main reason mentioned for taking a spermogram, there are a number of others. For example, the analysis can show the presence of various types of infections in the male reproductive system.
During the study, doctors evaluate the morphological and physical properties of sperm, as well as its quantitative indicators.
A spermogram shows the volume, viscosity, color and pH of sperm, its pathological and other forms, as well as the number of sperm.
Only a specialist can characterize the result of the study and check the spermogram, since when approaching the study of sperm, it is important to take into account all the parameters of the substance donated by the patient as a whole, and not separately.
The physical and morphological properties of sperm change very often, and therefore an analysis taken by the same man after just a few months may differ significantly from the previous one.
To evaluate the spermogram, WHO has adopted a special scale of acceptable sperm parameters. If any of the indicators are outside the norm established by WHO, the doctor prescribes treatment for the man.
The WHO standards were taken as the characteristics of the sperm of those men with whom women conceived after sexual intercourse.
It is important to evaluate the result comprehensively and only a doctor can do this professionally.
If abnormalities are detected in the spermogram, it is important to first repeat the analysis again, and then, if the indicators have not returned to normal, consult an andrologist.
What abnormalities does a spermogram show?
Using a spermogram you can determine:
- Ejaculate volume (oligospermia).
- Sperm concentration (oligozoospermia).
- Red blood cells in sperm (hemospermia).
- Sperm motility and activity (asthenozoospermia).
- Sperm immobility (akinozoospermia).
- Increased concentration of abnormal spermatozoa (teratozoospermia).
- Leukocyte concentration (leukocytospermia).
- The number of sperm in the ejaculate.
- Presence of live sperm.
How to prepare for a spermogram
In order for the spermogram result to be reliable (correct), it is important to properly prepare for the procedure.
- A week before taking the biomaterial analysis, refrain from sexual intercourse.
- 5-7 days before the spermogram, avoid drinking alcohol, taking medications, or visiting a bathhouse or sauna.
- Avoid exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunbathing, solariums).
- If it is necessary to carry out the analysis again, you need to abstain from sexual intercourse before the second test exactly as much as before the first analysis.
- Sperm collection should be carried out only within the walls of the laboratory in a special container provided by a physician.
- Obtaining the required portion of ejaculate for analysis occurs through natural arousal and masturbation. Masturbation is performed by the patient himself.
- No more than 5 hours should pass from the moment of sperm collection to its delivery to the study site. If the time limit is exceeded, the result will not be reliable.
- The collected material can be stored for 5 hours at temperatures from 27 degrees to 37 degrees.
- If not a drop of sperm is released after masturbation, you need to submit urine collected immediately after masturbation for examination.
What spermogram indicators are considered normal?
According to WHO, the norm is:
- sperm volume of two milliliters or more;
- white-grayish cloudy liquid;
- viscous consistency of sperm (viscosity should be up to two cm);
- liquefaction of the ejaculate after ten to sixty minutes;
- specific smell of consistency;
- lack of mucus;
- pH from 7.2 to 8;
- 2-4 sperm cells;
- by quantity from 20 to 200 million sperm per 1 milliliter;
- from 50% of sperm that are normal in their properties and composition;
- from 30% of sperm with normal morphology of their head;
- from 40 million sperm in the ejaculate;
- from 25% of active (motile) sperm;
- from 50% of immobile spermatozoa;
- active and immobile sperm in total more than 50%;
- leukocytes up to a million.
How to correctly decipher a spermogram
Some indicators that are important to know when deciphering a spermogram yourself
- Liquefaction of sperm after a certain period of time. If the sperm has not liquefied after an hour, this will indicate a malfunction of the prostate gland. In addition, the composition of the substance taken for analysis will be incorrect, which significantly affects other indicators, for example, sperm motility, and if there is not enough motile sperm, therefore, fertilization of the egg may not occur.
- pH indicator. This indicator acts as a kind of protective barrier for sperm, which, having entered the vagina, can quickly die in an acidic environment. To prevent this from happening, there is a pH barrier that can reduce the acidity of the vagina.
If everything except pH is normal, then there is no need to worry, it does not play any serious role in the process of conception.
This indicator can only indicate that a man’s ejaculatory ducts are clogged.
- Color and presence of mucus. In healthy men, there is no mucus in the semen; its presence indicates inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system.
As for color, it can be:
- grayish-white (normal);
- milky white or yellowish (does not indicate the presence of any abnormalities);
- transparent (indicates a disease such as azoospermia, that is, the absence of sperm in the sperm);
- pinkish tint (sperm has this color when the number of red blood cells is increased).
- Volume. If, during a spermogram, less than 2 ml of sperm is released, this may be the first sign of infertility in a man. Too small a volume of sperm cannot exist for a long time in the acidic vaginal environment; sperm usually in such cases quickly die without making it to the egg.
- Red blood cells and leukocytes.
Sperm is considered unsuitable for conception if it contains red blood cells.
The presence of red blood cells in semen may indicate the presence of tumors in the body, problems with the functioning of the prostate gland, or some kind of injury to the male genitourinary system.
The normal leukocyte count is no more than one million per milliliter. If the concentration of substances is less, great; if more, there is cause for concern.
- Sperm concentration.
If the sperm concentration is below the permissible WHO standards, it is important to think about it. Such an indicator may indicate a man’s infertility.
Only a doctor can correctly interpret the remaining indicators of a spermogram (motility, immobility of sperm, their morphology, etc.), to whom we recommend that every man who has taken the test and received its result should consult.
It is important to remember that the spermogram norms included in the WHO table are norms indicating that there are no abnormalities in the male body that affect the conception of a child.
To identify accurate deviations, it is necessary to take a spermogram 2 times.
The most important criterion when studying male sperm is sperm morphology. Even with the correct concentration and proper mobility of sperm, their incorrect morphological structure may indicate pathological abnormalities and a man’s inability to bear children.
As a rule, in the case of deviations in the morphological structure of sperm, even if pregnancy occurs, it will end in fetal death or miscarriage.
With the results of a spermogram, a man should contact an andrologist. This doctor will be able not only to professionally evaluate the data received, but also to decipher them, identify the causes of certain deviations, and also prescribe, if necessary, proper treatment.
How to improve spermogram readings
These factors include:
- overstrain at work and severe fatigue, the rhythm of work and rest must be balanced;
- poor nutrition, as a rule, doctors recommend starting to eat nutritiously, eliminating fast foods and other similar foods from the diet;
- frequent change of sexual partners or lack of sexual activity at all.
Daily gymnastics and physical activity with an emphasis on the pelvic muscles also contribute to improving the sperm count.
Before taking the test, it is important to exclude the presence of any endocrine and urological diseases in the body. In addition, it is recommended to stop taking dietary supplements, stimulants and any other medications.
The andrologist decides what medications you will need to take to improve your sperm count. Only after his consultation can a man begin competent, effective treatment.
How accurate is a spermogram?
Anyone who has decided to donate sperm for analysis is interested in the question of how accurate diagnoses can be made based on the results of a spermogram, and this is correct. Let's figure it out.
A few years ago, a rather interesting study was conducted. Over the course of two years, the same man had his fluid tested twice a week. At different periods of his life, the concentration of sperm was different, and this difference was quite significant.
Patients preparing for a spermogram must strictly follow all the rules for preparing for the analysis.
There are errors in the results of a spermogram, like any other analysis; in our case they are 5%.
It is also important to understand that all spermogram norms indicated in the WHO table are relative (conditional).
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This is a study of male seminal fluid. Our article today is devoted to how to take a spermogram correctly.
Which doctor prescribes a spermogram?
First of all, you need to seek advice from doctors such as a urologist or andrologist. The doctor will do an examination and give a referral for a spermogram. He will also advise where it is best to do it. Now spermograms are done in many medical laboratories. It is important that sperm fertility is assessed using several indicators simultaneously.
The analysis includes the following indicators:
Physical parameters of sperm.
Quantity.
Features of sperm (number of normal and with pathologies).
The content of leukocytes, mucus and red blood cells in sperm.
How exactly is it necessary to take a spermogram?
To take a spermogram test, you need to collect seminal fluid into a sterile container using masturbation. Then it must be delivered to the laboratory as quickly as possible. Such containers can be taken to laboratories, where they are given out free of charge. The ejaculate can be collected at home, but it should be collected within 20 minutes to keep it warm. To facilitate the test, all special laboratories have a room for collecting seminal fluid.
If the spermogram results are significantly different from the norm, the doctor will prescribe a retest. After deciphering the results, the attending physician will prescribe the necessary treatment.
Now you know how to pass spermogram. Be healthy.
A spermogram is a study of ejaculate; this is the only analysis that allows you to fully assess the patient’s fertility. Also, examinations using spermograms make it possible to determine the presence of possible pathologies affecting the pelvic organs. Correct interpretation of the spermogram determines further treatment. Patients often have questions about who is deciphering the results obtained. This function is performed by an andrologist, and many patients are interested in how to read a spermogram on their own. Let's consider what the analysis can show.
Disorders detected by spermogram
The doctor prescribes such an analysis when it is necessary to diagnose a number of pathologies and abnormalities:
- Insufficient sperm volume, indicating oligospermia.
- Insufficient sperm activity, indicating asthenozoospermia.
- Complete immobility of sperm indicates the presence of akinozoospermia.
- When the concentration of sperm in the ejaculate is low, they speak of oligozoospermia.
- The absence of live sperm in the ejaculate indicates necrozoospermia.
- The diagnosis of teratozoospermia is made when the concentration of abnormal sperm is too high.
- Hemospermia is said to be the presence of red blood cells in the seminal fluid.
- In cases where a high concentration of leukocytes is detected in semen, we are talking about leukocytospermia.
- Seminal fluid in which there are no sperm indicates the presence of azoospermia.
After the result is received, the attending physician evaluates it, and there are special standards approved by the World Health Organization.
It should be understood that even in the case when the patient is able to determine what certain indicators indicate, only the attending physician describes the course of action aimed at improving the spermogram. Another subtlety lies in the comprehensiveness of the assessment of all available test results, therefore the interpretation must be carried out by a qualified doctor.
How to get tested
How accurate is the analysis obtained?
As already mentioned, a spermogram must be taken several times, since the indicators can change. For example, if at the first donation the amount of ejaculate reached 4 ml, then subsequently the volume may be different. The same statement applies to other study parameters.
Scientists conducted a very revealing experiment. The patient had a spermogram twice a week for two years, and the sperm concentration during the studies varied from 120 million/1 ml of ejaculate to 15 million/1 ml. If the first result can be considered excellent, then the second indicates the presence of oligozoospermia. Therefore, the doctor may recommend multiple studies, the interval between sperm collection will be two weeks.
It is also necessary to take into account that the most effective methods have certain errors. Today, the Goryaev camera is considered one of the most accurate devices for counting the number of cells, and its error reaches 5%. In addition, the established norms are very conditional. There are often cases when samples with deviations from the norm are more productive in terms of conception than ejaculate that meets all the requirements. It is for these reasons that only a qualified andrologist will be able to correctly decipher the resulting spermogram.
Analysis results - what is considered normal
Let's consider the standards established for healthy ejaculate:
Also, when considering the results, the morphology of the sperm, their gluing (agglutination) to each other, the presence of leukocytes and erythrocytes, and the presence of mucus in the sperm are assessed.