Slow deterioration 5 letters. Slow deterioration. Parkinson's disease is accompanied by speech disorders
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It is one thing if you managed to get rid of extra pounds thanks to hard exercises and diets, but it is quite another when weight loss occurs quickly without any changes in lifestyle. In this case, you need to see a doctor as soon as possible for examination and consultation. The presence of a serious disease can be indicated by the fact that in less than a year a person loses more than five percent of body weight. Let's talk about ten diseases, one of the symptoms of which is a sharp weight loss.
With diabetes, a person can both gain excess weight and suddenly lose kilograms. Weight loss in diabetes occurs mainly for two reasons. First, due to frequent urination, the body loses a lot of water. And secondly, because of blood sugar, the body absorbs calories worse. In addition, with a lack of insulin, the body begins to burn fat for energy, thereby causing an overall weight loss.
Significant weight loss is a common symptom in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, according to research. Weight loss in diabetes can be accompanied by other important signs of the disease: excessive thirst, constant fatigue, frequent urination, intense hunger, wounds that do not heal for a long time, tingling in the limbs, etc.
2. Weight loss due to hyperthyroidism
Sudden weight loss and decreased appetite may indicate thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism. With it, there is an increased activity of the thyroid gland and an excess of its hormones in the blood. This subsequently increases the metabolic rate and the body's ability to burn fat. In addition to rapid weight loss, signs of hyperthyroidism include: rapid heart rate, hot flashes, excessive sweating, mood swings, depression, panic attacks, bulging eyes, muscle weakness, and fatigue.
3. Gastric ulcer
People suffering from peptic ulcers also often suddenly begin to lose weight. At the heart of a stomach ulcer is an inflammation that develops on the inside of the wall of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine. This causes significant pain and leads to loss of appetite. Due to a person's refusal to eat, frequent bouts of nausea and vomiting during a peptic ulcer, weight loss occurs. Some of the more common symptoms of this digestive ailment are feeling full after a few bites of food, bloody stools, chest pains, and chronic fatigue.
5. Depression
Although it may seem strange, depression can also lead to unintentional weight loss. This general mental disorder results in persistent feelings of sadness, loss, frustration, or even anger, which can affect various aspects of daily life. Often in this case, appetite decreases, which causes weight loss. Research in applied physiology shows that during depression there is a tendency to hypoglycemia, in which the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) decrease.
In addition to decreased appetite, depression is characterized by poor concentration, negative and even suicidal thoughts, sleep problems, and other difficulties. However, in some cases, during depression, a person gains excess weight, trying to get rid of problems with the help of frequent meals of high-calorie foods.
6. Oncological diseases
Unexplained weight loss is one of the first noticeable signs of various types of cancer, including prostate, breast, lung, pancreas, ovarian and colon cancers. The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells accelerates the metabolism, which wears out the entire body, making the most of its resources. This leads to loss of muscle and fat mass.
When cancer cells begin to spread throughout the body, it can adversely affect the functioning of various internal organs. Cancer can cause chemical changes in the body that make it difficult to gain weight, even with a high-calorie diet.
Cancer treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, also often lead to weight loss and appetite loss. In addition to this, the treatment causes many side effects: nausea, vomiting, mouth ulcers, which makes the process of eating painful and uncomfortable.
This is an intestinal disease caused by inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract. One of his symptoms is sudden weight loss. This is due to decreased appetite, food apathy, poor absorption of nutrients, loss of calories due to frequent diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding. Crohn's disease is characterized by relatively low levels of hunger and a loss of enjoyment of food. Other symptoms of the disease: subfebrile temperature, diarrhea, decreased energy, cramps, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
8. Tuberculosis
Unexplained weight loss and decreased appetite are some of the well-known symptoms of TB. This infectious disease caused by mycobacteria affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body (lymph nodes, bones, digestive, reproductive and nervous systems). In addition to rapid weight loss, tuberculosis includes symptoms such as: frequent and severe cough that does not go away for more than a month, chronic fatigue, fever, night sweats, etc.
These diseases most often develop in middle-aged and elderly people. These health problems also cause weight loss. A 2005 study by scientists at the London Institute of Psychiatry found that weight loss is often observed even before the onset of the characteristic symptoms of dementia. The accumulation of beta-amyloid (a peptide in the brain) disrupts the body's weight regulation mechanism, resulting in accelerated weight loss and is one of the initial symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
10. HIV infection
HIV-infected people also lose weight quickly. Their immune system cannot get rid of the virus, which gradually destroys it, and the body stops fighting infections and diseases. If HIV is not detected and controlled in time, AIDS may develop. In addition to weight loss, signs of such an infection include: night sweats, fever, sore throat and muscles, rashes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Memory is an important function of our central nervous system to perceive the received information and store it in some invisible “cells” of the brain in reserve in order to retrieve and use it in the future. Memory is one of the most important abilities of a person’s mental activity, therefore the slightest violation of memory burdens him, he breaks out of the usual rhythm of life, suffering himself and annoying those around him.
Memory impairment is most often perceived as one of the many clinical manifestations of some kind of neuropsychiatric or neurological pathology, although in other cases forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and poor memory are the only signs of a disease that no one pays attention to, believing that a person is such by nature .
The big mystery is human memory
Memory is a complex process that takes place in the central nervous system and involves the perception, accumulation, retention and reproduction of information received at different periods of time. Most of all, we think about the properties of our memory when we need to learn something new. The result of all the efforts made in the learning process depends on how someone manages to hook, hold, perceive what they see, hear or read, which is important when choosing a profession. From the point of view of biology, memory is short-term and long-term.
Information received in a glimpse or, as they say, “it flew in one ear, flew out of the other” is a short-term memory in which what is seen and heard is postponed for several minutes, but, as a rule, without meaning and content. So, the episode flashed by and disappeared. Short-term memory does not promise anything in advance, which is probably good, because otherwise a person would have to store all the information that he does not need at all.
However, with certain efforts of a person, information that has fallen into the zone of short-term memory, if you keep your eyes on it or listen and delve into it, will be transferred to long-term storage. This happens even beyond the will of a person, if some episodes are often repeated, have a special emotional significance, or occupy a separate place among other phenomena for various reasons.
Assessing their memory, some people claim that they have a short-term memory, because everything is remembered, assimilated, retold in a couple of days, and then just as quickly forgotten. This often happens when preparing for exams, when information is put aside only for the purpose of reproducing it to decorate a grade book. It should be noted that in such cases, turning again to this topic, when it becomes interesting, a person can easily restore seemingly lost knowledge. It is one thing to know and forget, and another to not receive information. And here everything is simple - the acquired knowledge without much human effort was transformed into departments of long-term memory.
Long-term memory analyzes, structures, creates volume and purposefully postpones everything for future use indefinitely. Everything is kept in long-term memory. Memorization mechanisms are very complex, but we are so used to them that we perceive them as natural and simple things. However, we note that for the successful implementation of the learning process, in addition to memory, it is important to have attention, that is, to be able to concentrate on the right subjects.
It is common for a person to forget past events after a while, if they do not periodically extract their knowledge in order to use them, therefore, the inability to remember something is not always to be attributed to memory impairment. Each of us has experienced the feeling when "it is spinning in the head, but does not come to mind", but this does not mean that serious disorders have occurred in the memory.
Why do memory lapses happen?
The causes of impaired memory and attention in adults and children may be different. If a child with congenital mental retardation immediately has learning problems, then he will already come to adulthood with these disorders. Children and adults can react differently to the environment: the child's psyche is more tender, so it takes stress harder. In addition, adults have long studied what the child is still trying to master.
Sadly, the trend towards the use of alcoholic beverages and drugs by adolescents, and even by young children left unattended by their parents, has become frightening: cases of poisoning are not so rarely recorded in the reports of law enforcement agencies and medical institutions. But for the child's brain, alcohol is the strongest poison that has an extremely negative effect on memory.
True, some pathological conditions that often cause absent-mindedness and poor memory in adults are usually excluded in children (Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, osteochondrosis).
Causes of memory impairment in children
Thus, the causes of impaired memory and attention in children can be considered:
- Lack of vitamins,;
- Asthenia;
- Frequent viral infections;
- Traumatic brain injury;
- Stressful situations (dysfunctional family, despotism of parents, problems in the team that the child attends);
- Poor eyesight;
- Mental disorder;
- Poisoning, alcohol and drug use;
- Congenital pathology, in which mental retardation is programmed (Down syndrome, etc.) or other (whatever) conditions (lack of vitamins or trace elements, the use of certain drugs, changes in metabolic processes that are not for the better) that contribute to the formation of attention deficit disorder, which, As you know, memory does not improve.
Causes of problems in adults
In adults, the reason that has become a bad memory, absent-mindedness and inability to concentrate for a long time, are various diseases acquired in the process of life:
- Stress, psycho-emotional stress, chronic fatigue of both soul and body;
- Acute and chronic;
- Discirculatory;
- cervical spine;
- Traumatic brain injury;
- Metabolic disorders;
- Hormonal imbalance;
- GM tumors;
- Mental disorders (depression, schizophrenia and many others).
Of course, anemia of various origins, lack of trace elements, diabetes mellitus and other numerous somatic pathologies lead to impaired memory and attention, contribute to the appearance of forgetfulness and absent-mindedness.
What are the types of memory disorders? Among them are dysmnesia(hypermnesia, hypomnesia, amnesia) - changes in memory itself, and paramnesia- distortion of memories, to which the patient's personal fantasies are added. By the way, some of them, on the contrary, are considered by others to be rather a phenomenal memory than its violation. True, experts may have a slightly different opinion on this matter.
Dysmnesia
Phenomenal memory or mental disorder?
Hypermnesia- with such a violation, people remember and perceive quickly, information set aside many years ago for no reason pops up in memory, “rolls”, returns to the past, which does not always cause positive emotions. A person himself does not know why he needs to keep everything in his head, however, he can reproduce some long-past events to the smallest detail. For example, an elderly person can easily describe in detail (up to the teacher’s clothes) individual lessons at school, retell the lithmontage of a pioneer gathering, it is not difficult for him to remember other details related to studying at the institute, professional activities or family events.
Hypermnesia, present in a healthy person in the absence of other clinical manifestations, is not considered a disease, rather, on the contrary, this is exactly the case when they talk about phenomenal memory, although from the point of view of psychology, phenomenal memory is a slightly different phenomenon. People with this phenomenon are able to memorize and reproduce huge amounts of information that is not connected with any special meaning. These can be large numbers, sets of individual words, lists of objects, notes. Such a memory is often possessed by great writers, musicians, mathematicians and people of other professions that require genius abilities. Meanwhile, hypermnesia in a healthy person who does not belong to the cohort of geniuses, but has a high intelligence quotient (IQ), is not such a rare occurrence.
As one of the symptoms of pathological conditions, memory impairment in the form of hypermnesia occurs:
- With paroxysmal mental disorders (epilepsy);
- With intoxication with psychoactive substances (psychotropic drugs, narcotic drugs);
- In the case of hypomania - a condition similar to mania, but not up to it in terms of the severity of the course. Patients may experience a surge of energy, increased vitality, and ability to work. With hypomania, a violation of memory and attention is often combined (disinhibition, instability, inability to concentrate).
It is obvious that only a specialist can understand such subtleties, distinguish between the norm and pathology. Most of us are average representatives of the human population, to whom "nothing human is alien", but at the same time they do not turn the world upside down. From time to time (not every year and not in every locality) geniuses appear, they are not always immediately noticeable, because often such individuals are considered simply eccentrics. And, finally, (perhaps not often?) among the various pathological conditions there are mental illnesses that require correction and complex treatment.
bad memory
Hypomnesia- this type is usually expressed in two words: "bad memory."
Forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and poor memory are observed with asthenic syndrome, which, in addition to memory problems, is also characterized by other symptoms:
- Increased fatigue.
- Nervousness, irritability with or without it, bad mood.
- Meteorological dependence.
- during the day and insomnia at night.
- BP drops, .
- Tides and others.
- , weakness.
Asthenic syndrome, as a rule, forms another pathology, for example:
- Arterial hypertension.
- Postponed traumatic brain injury (TBI).
- atherosclerotic process.
- The initial stage of schizophrenia.
The cause of impaired memory and attention according to the type of hypomnesia can be various depressive conditions (you can’t count everyone), menopausal syndrome that occurs with an adaptation disorder, organic brain damage (severe TBI, epilepsy, tumors). In such situations, as a rule, in addition to hypomnesia, the symptoms listed above are also present.
"I remember here - I don't remember here"
At amnesia not the whole memory falls out, but its individual fragments. As an example of this type of amnesia, one would like to recall the film by Alexander Gray "Gentlemen of Fortune" - "I remember here - I don't remember here."
However, not all amnesias look like in the famous motion picture, there are more serious cases when memory is lost significantly and for a long time or forever, therefore, several types of such memory impairments (amnesia) are distinguished:
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A special type of memory loss that cannot be managed is progressive amnesia, representing a sequential loss of memory from the present to the past. The reason for the destruction of memory in such cases is organic atrophy of the brain, which occurs during Alzheimer's disease And . Such patients do not reproduce memory traces well (speech disorders), for example, they forget the names of household items that they use daily (plate, chair, clock), but at the same time they know what they are intended for (amnestic aphasia). In other cases, the patient simply does not recognize the thing (sensory aphasia) or does not know what it is for (semantic aphasia). However, one should not confuse the habits of “radical” owners to find a use for everything that is in the house, even if it is intended for completely different purposes (you can make a beautiful dish or stand out of a used kitchen clock in the form of a plate).
This is what you need to figure out!
Paramnesia (distortion of memories) also referred to as memory disorders, and among them are the following types:
- Confabulation, in which fragments of one’s own memory disappear, and their place is taken by stories invented by the patient and presented to them “in all seriousness”, since he himself believes in what he is talking about. Patients talk about their exploits, unprecedented achievements in life and work, and even sometimes about crimes.
- pseudo-reminiscence- the replacement of one memory with another event that actually took place in the patient's life, only at a completely different time and under different circumstances (Korsakov's syndrome).
- Cryptomnesia when patients, having received information from various sources (books, movies, stories of other people), pass it off as events they experienced. In a word, patients, due to pathological changes, go to involuntary plagiarism, which is characteristic of delusional ideas found in organic disorders.
- Echomnesia- a person feels (quite sincerely) that this event has already happened to him (or did he see it in a dream?). Of course, such thoughts sometimes visit a healthy person, but the difference is that patients attach special significance to such phenomena (“go in cycles”), while healthy people simply quickly forget about it.
- Polympsest- this symptom exists in two versions: short-term memory lapses associated with pathological alcohol intoxication (episodes of the past day are confused with long-past events), and the combination of two different events of the same period of time, in the end, the patient himself does not know what happened In fact.
As a rule, these symptoms in pathological conditions are accompanied by other clinical manifestations, therefore, having noticed signs of “déjà vu” in oneself, there is no need to rush to make a diagnosis - this also happens in healthy people.
Decreased concentration affects memory
To violations of memory and attention, the loss of the ability to focus on specific objects include the following pathological conditions:
- Attention instability- a person is constantly distracted, jumping from one subject to another (disinhibition syndrome in children, hypomania, hebephrenia - a mental disorder that develops as a form of schizophrenia in adolescence);
- Rigidity (slow switching) from one topic to another - this symptom is very typical for epilepsy (those who communicated with such people know that the patient is constantly “stuck”, which makes it difficult to conduct a dialogue);
- Lack of concentration- they say about such people: “That’s what a distracted one from Basseinaya Street!”, That is, absent-mindedness and poor memory in such cases are often perceived as features of temperament and behavior, which, in principle, often corresponds to reality.
Undoubtedly a decrease in concentration of attention, in particular, will adversely affect the entire process of memorizing and storing information, that is, on the state of memory as a whole.
Children forget faster
As for children, all these gross, permanent memory impairments, characteristic of adults and, especially, the elderly, are very rarely noted in childhood. Memory problems that arise due to congenital features require correction and, with a skillful approach (as far as possible), may recede a little. There are many cases when the efforts of parents and teachers literally worked wonders for Down syndrome and other types of congenital mental retardation, but here the approach is individual and dependent on different circumstances.
Another thing is if the baby was born healthy, and the problems appeared as a result of the troubles suffered. So here a child can expect a slightly different reaction to different situations:
- Amnesia in children in most cases, it manifests itself as memory lapses in relation to individual memories of episodes that occurred during the period of clouding of consciousness associated with unpleasant events (poisoning, coma, trauma) - it is not in vain that they say that children quickly forget;
- Alcoholization of adolescence also proceeds differently than in adults - the absence of memories ( polympsests) on events occurring during intoxication, appears already in the first stages of drunkenness, without waiting for a diagnosis (alcoholism);
- retrograde amnesia in children, as a rule, it affects a short period of time before an injury or illness, and its severity is not as clear as in adults, that is, memory loss in a child can not always be noticed.
Most often in children and adolescents there is a memory impairment of the type of dysmnesia, which is manifested by a weakening of the ability to remember, store (retention) and reproduce (reproduction) the information received. Disorders of this type are more noticeable in school-age children, as they affect school performance, adaptation in a team, and behavior in everyday life.
In children attending preschool institutions, symptoms of dysmnesia are problems with memorizing rhymes, songs, children cannot participate in children's matinees and holidays. Despite the fact that the kid visits kindergarten all the time, every time he comes there, he cannot find his own locker to change clothes, among other items (toys, clothes, towels) it is difficult for him to find his own. Dysmnestic disorders are also noticeable at home: the child cannot tell what happened in the garden, forgets the names of other children, each time he reads fairy tales he perceives as if he hears them for the first time, he does not remember the names of the main characters.
Transient disturbances of memory and attention, along with fatigue, drowsiness and all sorts of autonomic disorders, are often observed in schoolchildren with various etiologies.
Before treatment
Before treating the symptoms of memory impairment, it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis and find out what causes the patient's problems. To do this, you need to get as much information about his health:
- What diseases does he suffer from? Perhaps it will be possible to trace the connection between the existing pathology (or transferred in the past) with the deterioration of intellectual abilities;
- Does he have a pathology that directly leads to memory impairment: dementia, cerebrovascular insufficiency, TBI (history), chronic alcoholism, drug disorders?
- What medications does the patient take and is memory impairment related to the use of medications? Some groups of pharmaceuticals, for example, benzodiazepines, among the side effects, have such disorders, which, however, are reversible.
In addition, in the process of diagnostic search, it can be very useful to identify metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalance, deficiency of trace elements and vitamins.
In most cases, when looking for the causes of memory impairment, they resort to methods neuroimaging(CT, MRI, EEG, PET, etc.), which help to detect a brain tumor or hydrocephalus and, at the same time, to differentiate a vascular brain lesion from a degenerative one.
The need for neuroimaging methods also arises because memory impairment at first may be the only symptom of a serious pathology. Unfortunately, the greatest difficulties in diagnosis are depressive states, forcing in other cases to prescribe a trial antidepressant treatment (to find out if there is depression or not).
Treatment and correction
The normal aging process itself involves some decline in intellectual abilities: forgetfulness appears, memorization is not so easy, concentration of attention drops, especially if the neck is “squeezed” or pressure rises, however, such symptoms do not significantly affect the quality of life and behavior in everyday life. Older people who adequately assess their age learn to remind themselves (and quickly remember) about current affairs.
In addition, many do not neglect the treatment of pharmaceuticals to improve memory.
Now there are a number of drugs that can improve brain function and even help with tasks that require significant intellectual effort. First of all, these are (piracetam, phezam, vinpocetine, cerebrolysin, cinnarizine, etc.).
Nootropics are indicated for elderly people who have certain age-related problems that are not yet noticeable to others. The drugs of this group are suitable for improving memory in violation of cerebral circulation caused by other pathological conditions of the brain and vascular system. By the way, many of these drugs are successfully used in pediatric practice.
However, nootropics are a symptomatic treatment, and in order to obtain the proper effect, one must strive for an etiotropic one.
As for Alzheimer's disease, tumors, mental disorders, here the approach to treatment should be very specific - depending on the pathological changes and the reasons that led to them. There is no single prescription for all cases, so there is nothing to advise patients. You just need to contact a doctor, who, perhaps, before prescribing drugs to improve memory, will send for an additional examination.
Difficult in adults and the correction of disorders of mental activity. Patients with poor memory, under the supervision of an instructor, memorize verses, solve crossword puzzles, practice solving logical problems, however, training, bringing some success (the severity of mnestic disorders seems to have decreased), still do not give particularly significant results.
Correction of memory and attention in children, in addition to treatment with the help of various groups of pharmaceuticals, provides for classes with a psychologist, exercises for the development of memory (poems, drawings, tasks). Of course, the children's psyche is more mobile and better amenable to correction, unlike the adult psyche. Children have the prospect of progressive development, while in older people only the opposite effect progresses.
Video: bad memory - expert opinion
He works for him who knows no rest
Reason for changing the dress
Aging things due to friction
The process of turning a new thing into an old one
Simple name for depreciation
Reason for decommissioning equipment
A workaholic works for him
Loss of properties during operation
Breakdown due to friction
Wearing out from friction
Machine aging degree
Common cause of accidents
Changing the shape of an object from permanent loads
Loss of fixed assets of their consumer properties and value
Change in the size or shape of an object due to permanent deformation from permanent loads
Causes of Slow Speech in Adults
Slow speech in adults may appear abruptly or develop gradually. The reasons for this condition are different: violations of the functional state of the nervous system, brain injuries that appeared after a stroke or thrombosis, or malignant neoplasms. In order to find out what to do and why speech slowed down, you need to consult a doctor. Only a specialist can recommend further examination and treatment for a patient with such a complaint.
Speech difficulties associated with slow speech
Speech difficulties come in many forms, including stuttering, dysarthria, voice problems, and articulation difficulties. Accidents can cause damage to brain centers or vocal muscles. Sometimes these pathologies are corrected naturally, but often have long-term consequences. Some diseases can cause speech difficulties due to the degeneration of muscle and nerve cells.
Some adults have had speech problems since childhood, and speech difficulties become a problem as the person gets older. Patients describe this as "speech obstruction", "speech problem", or "pronunciation problem". Sometimes it is difficult to change some speech difficulties that have been present since childhood, they are so built in. The problem of slow speech often occurs due to problems and diseases of the elderly.
A brain injury that causes slow speech can be caused by a brain tumor, stroke, cerebral palsy, long-term use of certain medications, or degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
Why does slow speech occur in adults?
Speech impairment refers to focal symptoms. Speech impairment can occur both in the form of aphasia, and in a milder form - slow speech. Most often, a person has lesions of the cortex of the dominant hemisphere (in the left-hander - the right one). A person loses the ability to partially or completely use speech to express their own thoughts and feelings. Another reason for the disorder of expressive speech while maintaining its understanding (dysarthria). This is a lesion of the cerebellum, basal ganglia. Due to the violation of these anatomical structures, flaccid or spastic paralysis of the speech apparatus may occur: tongue, pharynx, larynx, soft palate, muscles that lift the lower jaw, and respiratory muscles. Articulation of consonants especially suffers, speech is slow, sometimes intermittent. The voice is often weak and muffled.
Diseases that provoke the appearance of slow speech
The causes of speech disorders in adults are diverse in their etiology and pathogenesis, with symptoms of a large number of diseases. Slow speech may develop gradually, but can suddenly impair speech quality and cause discomfort to people.
- Alzheimer's disease.
- Tumors of the brain.
- Dementia.
- Traumatic brain injury.
- Postponed stroke.
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA).
- Alcohol intoxication.
- Diseases affecting neuromuscular structures such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis.
- Head and neck surgery for cancer.
- Neurological disorders of the brain, such as Parkinson's disease in old people or Huntington's disease.
- Poorly fitted dentures.
- Side effects of drugs that act on the central nervous system, such as narcotic analgesics and anticonvulsants.
The brain is an extremely complex machine and is made up of many different working areas. When one or more components stop working effectively, language and speech can often be affected. The severity of speech delay depends on the localization of the process and the severity of the damage. Reproduction of speech sounds can be very difficult, so speech slows down.
Doctor's advice. With any changes in speech, you need to contact a specialist to eliminate the cause, which may further threaten a person’s life
Stroke as the most common cause of speech delay
Hemorrhagic and ischemic changes in the vessels occur quickly, so symptoms often appear suddenly and without warning.
The main symptoms of a stroke are:
- Speech disorders. If the lower parts of the left frontal lobe and the lower parts of the parietal are damaged, motor aphasia may occur in right-handed people. The patient is deprived of the opportunity to speak due to a violation of speech motor commands. These older people are quiet. They are reluctant to enter into a conversation, answer in monosyllables.
- Headache - possibly with altered consciousness or vomiting.
- Numbness or inability to move parts of the face, arms or legs - especially on one side of the body.
- Trouble walking - including dizziness and lack of coordination.
- The consequences of a stroke are accompanied by persistent changes such as bladder or bowel problems, pain in the arms and legs, paralysis or weakness on one or both sides of the body.
Parkinson's disease is accompanied by speech disorders
In Parkinson's disease, in addition to motor disorders, there are often pathological changes in the processes of phonation and articulation. The volume of speech changes depends on the predominance of rigidity, hypokinesia or trembling in the clinic, and also depends on the ratio and severity of the latter. Pathological changes in speech are more often manifested by a slowing of speech, a decrease in the sonority of the voice, aphonia (disappearance of the voice) may occur. A silent whisper (almost inaudible) makes a person's speech illegible, which is exacerbated by the monotony and disappearance of intonations that are characteristic of spoken language. In patients with hypokinesia, spontaneous speech activity decreases, their answers are concise, and speech is slow. With severe akinesia, speech becomes quiet, slurred, unexpressed and slow, so it becomes impossible to understand the patient. Only under the influence of great willpower can a person pronounce the word more loudly and clearly. Pathological changes involve the articulatory muscles, leading to dysarthria, which is the main cause of slow speech.
There are many ways that you can use in everyday life to make speech clearer and easier to understand.
Pause between breaths while talking
Use lungs and diaphragmatic breathing while speaking to give your voice more power
Use gestures and facial expressions to improve the information content of speech
Avoid socializing in noisy and distracting environments
If there are real problems, other forms of communication can be used, such as writing a message or using an electronic device to talk.
Important! If there are concerns about speech and voice, it is better to consult a qualified doctor or speech therapist to assess the degree and further correction
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- Delayed speech development in children
- Delayed speech development in children 3 years old
- Stuttering
- Speech slowdown
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- Classification of speech disorders
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- Speech Development Disorder
- Speech disorder in children
- ABOUT
- Lack of speech in children
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- Speech disorders in preschool children
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- Systemic underdevelopment of speech
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- Tempo delay of speech development in children
The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only, does not claim to be reference and medical accuracy, and is not a guide to action. Do not self-medicate. Consult with your physician.
Ophthalmology-White eye syndrome with reduced visual function. Diseases with slow progressive visual loss
1. transparency of optical media - cornea, lens, vitreous body.
2. Normal functioning of the neuro-receptor apparatus - the retina and optic nerve.
3. The emergence of a clear focused image of the object under consideration on the retina, which is due to refractive media and the eye, that is, what we call refraction.
The latter reason in about half of the cases causes the appeal of patients, especially older and older patients, to the doctor with complaints of decreased vision, especially in the distance. These complaints are due to the fact that with age the accommodative ability weakens due to the fact that the lens begins to sclerosis, thicken, loses its elasticity. As a result, accommodation is lost and phenomena occur that are called senile vision (presbyopia). Approximately 80% of the entire population of the Earth are hyperopic (focus is collected behind the retina). In youth, the accommodative ability of the lens is enough to focus on the retina. With age, accommodative abilities decrease and people turn from hidden hypermetropes into explicit ones. Approximately half of the cases of patients visiting an outpatient clinic with complaints of progressive deterioration in distance vision are cases of senile farsightedness, that is, accommodative asthenopia.
With age, the lens thickens, phacosclerosis (sclerosis of the lens) is observed. A denser lens of the lens refracts more. therefore, in many patients, against the background of phacosclerosis processes, the phenomenon of myopization (nearsightedness) is observed.
The second reason for the decrease in vision is the violation of the transparency of optical media.
Clouding of the cornea is most often the outcome of an inflammatory process (keratitis). A thorn of varying degrees is formed. Fresh thorn - you can try to restore the transparency of the cornea with the help of enzymatic preparations (lidase, streptodecase). If the old process is a layer-by-layer or through transplantation of the cornea.
The clouding of the lens is called a cataract. A cataract is a persistent, irreversible clouding of the lens substance (stroma) or lens capsule. Causes of cataracts:
1. age-related metabolic changes - age-related or senile cataracts.
2. Toxic cataract.
3. Radiation cataract.
4. Traumatic cataracts (post-traumatic, contusion, burn).
5. Congenital hereditary cataracts.
6. Complicated secondary cataracts (diabetic, endocrine, collagenous, gouty, infectious, etc.)
The lens is transparent due to the fact that the proteins that make up its structure are water-soluble. with age, oxidation processes begin to predominate, autolysis of proteins occurs and they become water-insoluble. All people experience phacosclerosis with age. In every sixth person (15-20%), during the aging process, the predominance of autolysis processes and the transition of proteins from water-insoluble to water-soluble state occurs, the lens begins to become cloudy.
The capsule of the lens can become cloudy - capsular cataracts. More often there are either toxic or congenital. A feature of congenital cataracts is that they are non-progressive cataracts. All other cataracts are progressive. Age-related cataracts, which account for more than 90% of all cataracts, are more often cortical, that is, the cortex is cloudier - the outer shell of the lens located under the capsule. nuclear cataracts are not uncommon, when the center of the lens becomes cloudy. Sometimes they are called brown cataracts. Cataracts are much less common when the space between the nucleus and the cortex becomes cloudy - zonular cataracts.
Stages of cataract maturation:
1. Initial cataract
2. Immature cataract
3. Mature cataract
Overmature cataract is currently a casuistic case.
Complaints of slow progressive deterioration of distance vision. The deterioration of near vision appears after a few months. When examining in side illumination, a change in the color of the pupil is detected. Normal pupils are black. As the cataract matures, the pupil first becomes pale gray with a whitish tint, and in the mature cataract stage it acquires a milky white color, sometimes even with a pearly tint.
A study in transmitted light: a weakening of the reflex from the eye, that is, the appearance of a cloud-shaped, spot-shaped, spoke-shaped opacities against the background of a pink reflex, will indicate the onset of a cataract. In the stage of mature cataract, there is no pink reflex. For a more accurate diagnosis of the stage of cataract maturation, data from the study of visual functions are used. If a patient from 5 m sees some lines on the Golovin-Sivtsev table, then he has an initial cataract. If from 5 m the patient does not distinguish letters from the table, and in order to see the SB, he must be brought to the table, then he has an immature cataract. The stage of a mature cataract is set when the patient loses objective vision and only the function of light perception remains.
If the cataract is not treated, then 5-7 years pass from the initial to the mature stage. This disease often begins in old age (flight). Since at this age the patient is still actively working, the task of physicians is to reach the patient until retirement age, and only then can the cataract be allowed to mature to the required state and be operated on. Therefore, in the initial stages of cataracts, conservative methods of treatment are used. Treatment should be aimed at stimulating recovery processes. Vitamins, active amino acids, microelements, antihypoxants, biostimulants, antioxidants, etc. are used.
The main methods of treatment are surgical. Cataract extraction - exfoliation of the cloudy lens from the eye cavity. After the operation, the patient sees better, but not as much as before, since the lens that refracted by 20 diopters is removed. The patient becomes hyperopic of a high degree. Vision needs to be corrected. spectacle correction remains the most common method. To date, the most physiological method of correction is contact correction. The most modern methods are intraocular correction (artificial lens).
Opacification of the vitreous body.
A slow decrease in distance visual acuity can also give destructive changes that are associated with age-related liquefaction of the vitreous body. This is due to a violation of the fibrillar structure of the vitreous body with impregnation of the elements of the vitreous body with intraocular fluid, which can lead to liquefaction and accumulation in the framework of the vitreous body of the products of the vital activity of internal tissues. In transmitted light, against the background of a pink reflex, floating flies, flakes, small grains, and sometimes colored crystals are visible (symptom of silver or golden rain). These changes cause the corresponding complaints in patients, that is, complaints about the appearance of floating, flying flies. More often, complaints are associated with age-related changes in the structure of the vitreous body. Particularly dangerous for the vitreous body is the appearance of blood elements in its structure, even in microdoses. Blood appears as a result of traumatic, contusion injuries, wounds, surgical interventions, in the elderly due to weakness of the vascular wall (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tumors of the choroid, degenerative changes in the retina).
Blood in the vitreous body causes very sharp phenomena of proliferation, fibrosis, that is, the formation of connective tissue strands in the vitreous cavity, which are called moorings. The opposite ends of the mooring lines are glued to the retina, which can result in retinal detachment.
Pathology of the retina and optic nerve.
Retinal pathology is primarily a vascular pathology, which is caused by vascular changes due to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine, infectious, degenerative diseases.
When the posterior retina is affected, the cones that provide daytime vision are primarily affected. Therefore, the leading complaint will be a complaint of a decrease in visual acuity or the appearance of local visual field defects - cattle. Since cones are also responsible for distinguishing colors, a common complaint can be a complaint about a change in color perception. When peripheral areas of the retina are affected, rods primarily suffer, which ensure the adaptation of the eye to various lighting conditions. A typical complaint would be a complaint of hemeralopia ("night blindness"), that is, blurred vision at dusk.
With a massive diffuse lesion of the peripheral areas of the retina, a concentric narrowing of the visual fields can be observed.
Diagnosis of damage to the retina is mainly ophthalmoscopic.
1. Damage to the walls of blood vessels - the appearance of tortuosity, a change in the caliber, course of blood vessels, their color.
2. Lesions of tissues located near the vessels - the appearance of microaneurysmal petechiae, hemorrhages, extravasation or exudation of plasma through the vascular wall leading to retinal edema, that is, everything that is associated with a decrease in the transparency of the retinal stroma.
3. The occurrence of pathological foci - most often these are ischemic whitish, yellow, large or small foci in the fundus, or vice versa, foci where there is excessive accumulation of pigment, that is, the appearance of black or dark brown pigmented foci, most often irregular in shape.
Diseases with changes in the fundus.
First of all, it is hypertension and arterial hypertension. Changes that are visible with increasing pressure can be divided into 3 stages:
1. hypertensive angiopathy (symptom of a worm) - the appearance of a corkscrew-shaped tortuosity of small arterioles. With stage 1-2a hypertension.
2. Hypertensive angiosclerosis - tortuosity of vessels and changes in the course and caliber of vessels. The vessels change their reflex: arteries from bright pink become whitish (silver wire symptom), venules become darker in color, the reflex reflected from them acquires a golden hue (copper wire symptom).
3. retinopathy (at stage 3 GB) - the retinal tissue is involved in the process. Due to the appearance of plasmorrhagia in the fundus, hemorrhages, multiple streaky or flame-like microaneurysmal hemorrhages are visible, protein effusion is accompanied by yellow or whitish plasmorrhagia: the retinal tissue becomes cyanotic gray. The trophism (nutrition) of photoreceptors worsens, which affects visual function.
Diabetes. In 40% of cases, it occurs in the form of an eye form. It is based on venous-capillary toxic goats. This leads to a change in small vessels, primarily the retina. There is a typical picture of changes in the fundus. Venous-capillary toxicosis leads to neovascularization, that is, to the appearance of newly formed small vessels. These newly formed vessels are functionally weak, immature. Therefore, they are very often thrombosed, torn. In place of the outflow of blood, connective tissue grows, that is, proliferation phenomena occur.
In the development of changes in the fundus in diabetes mellitus, there are 3 stages:
3. Proliferative retinopathy (fibrosis). Fibrous tissue does not transmit light to the retina, and eventually leads to wrinkling and retinal detachment.
1. rational insulin therapy
2. symptomatic therapy - improvement of blood circulation, strengthening of the vascular wall, stimulating therapy (reoferon, solcoseryl).
3. Photo and laser coagulation.
Dystrophic changes in the retina.
Sclerosing vascular lesions lead to damage to the central fossa of the retina (the area of the optic nerve) - the macula. It is provided with blood supply only from the microvasculature (capillaries). Obliteration of capillaries leads to degenerative-dystrophic changes. These processes most often occur in old age (afterlife) and are called macular degeneration. They are characterized by the appearance in the region of the central fovea of the retina of small whitish ischemic foci with microaneurysmal vasodilation, which can give corresponding hemorrhages. Such changes are prone to proliferation and eventually to the fusion of foci into a large conglomerate. This process develops over the years, so patients complain of a slow decrease in visual acuity. They complain about the appearance of microscotomas, that is, areas of loss of the field of vision, which make it difficult to read, complaints about a violation of color perception. Treatment of dystrophic processes should be complex, medicated, stimulating, vasodilating. An operation is used - revascularization. Elements of muscle fibers are sutured along the posterior pole of the eye, from where vessels grow that improve the nutrition of the region of the posterior pole of the eye.
Among the specific degenerative processes, it is necessary to single out pigmentary retinal degeneration (3-4% of patients who complain of reduced visual acuity).
Etiology: the leading is the gene-hereditary theory. Women are affected in 80% of cases. The disease begins to manifest itself at a young age. By the time such patients are practically blind. The disease is characterized by a slowly progressive course and is associated with autolysis of the retinal pigment layer itself. The disease begins with the extreme periphery. on the fundus along the periphery, a lot of small, irregularly shaped focal changes appear, which are excessively pigmented. Most often, these changes are observed along the large vessels. By the time these foci extend as far as the posterior retina. The leading complaint of patients from an early age is hemeralopia. Kgodam appears a complaint of a pronounced narrowing of the boundaries of the field of view. Blindness may occur at some point. Now new drugs created on the basis of genetic engineering are being tested. These are embryonic genes that are implanted in the posterior pole of the eye. They stimulate the proliferation of new pigment epithelium.
Diseases associated with damage to the optic nerve.
Non-inflammatory optic disc edema - congestive optic disc. Caused by increased intracranial pressure (intracranial tumors, abscesses, hemorrhagic strokes, basal meningitis, trauma). Clinic of a stagnant disk of a nerve bilateral. With ophthalmoscopy, a significant protrusion of the disc tissues is striking, that is, it protrudes into the vitreous body. The boundaries of the disk become blurred, fuzzy, blurred. It can be seen that the vessels of the optic disc roll down from the disc tissue to the retina. The arteries are narrowed, the veins, on the contrary, are dilated. If the cause of the optic nerve edema is eliminated in a timely manner, then visual functions are restored, the process is reversible. A distinctive feature of the defeat of the optic nerve is the occurrence of central scotomas. With prolonged increasing stagnation of the optic nerve head, the process turns into atrophy of the optic nerve. Speaking about optic nerve atrophy in general, the following etiological points can be distinguished:
2. Outcome of inflammation (neuritis)
3. violation of the trophism of the optic nerve (impaired circulation in the optic nerve trunk)
Ophthalmoscopy: in the fundus there is a pronounced ischemia of the optic nerve tissue. Normally, the optic disc looks like a pale pink oval, but here it has a waxy color with a yellowish, and sometimes milky white tint. The tissue of the optic disc is somewhat recessed. Sharp constriction of all vessels. With the appearance of atrophy of the optic nerve head, patients complain of the appearance of scotomas, hemeralopia, and an increasing concentric narrowing of the boundaries of the visual field. In violation of blood circulation in the trunk of the optic nerve often appear sectoral or square loss of visual fields. Treatment: 1. Vasodilators (Cavinton, etc.); 2. Vitamin therapy (gr. B); 3. Electrical stimulation of the optic nerve. There may be transcutaneous and direct stimulation of the optic nerve.
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Virginity and the chicken egg. What is the connection between them? And such that the inhabitants of the Kuanyama tribe, which lives on the border with Namibia, in ancient times deprived girls of their virginity with the help of a chicken egg. not much
Body temperature is a complex indicator of the thermal state of the human body, reflecting the complex relationship between heat production (heat generation) of various organs and tissues and heat exchange between
Small changes in diet and lifestyle will help change your weight. Do you want to lose extra pounds? Don't worry, you won't have to starve yourself or do exhausting exercises. research
lethargy
The inhibition of the course of mental processes and behavioral reactions of a person can be caused by various reasons: fatigue, illness, exposure to tranquilizers that slow down organic processes, negative emotional states such as stress, depression, sadness, apathy.
Inhibition is a decrease in the reaction rate of an individual, a slowdown in the course of thought processes and the appearance of a drawn out speech with long pauses. In extreme cases, a person may completely stop responding to others and stay in a stupor for a long time. Inhibition may not be complex, but only concern thinking or speech. In the first case, it is called ideational, and in the second - motor.
Inhibition of thinking is scientifically called "bradypsychia". Not apathy and not inertia of thinking. These are completely different conditions, having different pathophysiological and mental foundations. Bradypsychia is a symptom that often appears in old age. In any case, for most people, mental retardation is associated precisely with unhurried and eloquent elders. However, it can also occur at a young age. After all, under each manifestation of ill health, certain reasons are hidden.
Causes of mental retardation
The pathophysiology of the process is extremely complex and not fully understood. Thinking, behavior, emotional background and many other achievements of the human mind are associated with the work of the limbic system - one of the sections of the nervous system. And the limbicus, just the same, cannot be deciphered to the proper extent. Therefore, in everyday practice, one can name only conditions - diseases in which bradypsychia is noted, but not answer the question of why it appears.
- Vascular pathologies. Acute, and more often chronic disorders of cerebral circulation resulting from the progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and thrombosis of the vessels of the head, are the cause of the destruction of the substance of the brain. In particular, the structures responsible for the speed of thinking also suffer.
- Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Narrower, but no less common pathologies, one of the manifestations of which is slowness of thinking. In addition to this depressing symptom surrounding the patient (patients themselves in the later stages of the development of this type of pathology do not notice any changes in themselves), there are many other, no less unpleasant. For example, thoughts become not only slow, but also viscous, a person becomes clingy, intrusive, speech is slow, often confused.
- Epilepsy. In the later stages of the development of the disease, when doctors note the destruction of the personality as a result of the progression of the disease, lethargy takes place, like many other signs of a change in thinking.
- Schizophrenia. Just as with epilepsy, bradypsychia is not an early sign of pathology in schizophrenia.
- Depressive states and depression. A mental illness characterized by an abundance of symptoms, often masquerading as somatic problems, up to toothache or coronary heart disease. Among them there is also sluggishness of thought.
- Hypothyroidism. Insufficiency of the thyroid glands. With this disease, the symptom described is extremely characteristic and appears one of the first to appear.
- Toxic bradypsychia. Of course, there is no such group of diseases in the international classification of diseases. But the name still describes as clearly as possible the causes of the symptom - intoxication of the body, whether it be alcohol, metal salts, drugs or toxins of microorganisms.
Of course, with such a large number of diseases, the number of treatments must also be large. Unfortunately, until scientists have finally figured out how the brain works, there are not as many of these species as we would like. The temporary effect of inhibition in speech and thinking occurs when there is a lack of sleep, when the body is already exhausted, or as a result of the use of drugs and alcohol, which inhibit thought and motor processes. That is, the reasons can be divided into blocking activities and reducing the possibilities for its implementation.
Symptoms of lethargy
The image of the patient fits into the classical description of the melancholic: lethargy, slowness, drawn out speech, every word seems to be squeezed out with effort. It seems that thinking takes a lot of strength and energy from this person. He may not have time to respond to what was said, or even sink into a stupor.
In addition to a decrease in the rate of speech and thinking, there is a muffledness of what was said - an extremely quiet and calm voice, which occasionally breaks the silence. In movements and facial expressions, lethargy is noticeable, and posture is most often too relaxed. An individual may have a desire to constantly lean on something or lie down. It is not necessary that all manifestations of inhibition be observed during inhibition. Just one thing is enough to say that a person needs medical help.
Diagnosis of bradilalia
Persons with speech tempo disorders, including those with bradilalia, need a comprehensive medical and psychological and pedagogical examination, which is carried out by a neurologist, speech therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist. When examining a patient with bradilalia, a detailed study of the anamnesis regarding past diseases and brain damage is necessary; the presence of speech tempo disorders in close relatives. In some cases, to elucidate the organic basis of bradilalia, instrumental studies are required: EEG, REG, brain MRI, brain PET, lumbar puncture, etc.
Diagnosis of oral speech in bradilalia includes an assessment of the structure of the organs of articulation and the state of speech motor skills, expressive speech (sound pronunciation, syllabic structure of the word, tempo-rhythmic side of speech, voice features, etc.). Diagnostics of written speech involves the performance of tasks for writing off the text and independent writing under dictation, reading syllables, phrases, texts. Along with a diagnostic examination of speech, with bradylalia, the state of general, manual and facial motor skills, sensory functions, and intellectual development are studied.
When making a speech therapy conclusion, it is important to differentiate bradilalia from dysarthria and stuttering.
Treatment for mental retardation
General preventive measures. The more the brain is loaded, the better it works. Nerve cells unused during life safely die off as unnecessary in the literal sense. Accordingly, the reserve of the psyche also decreases. Learning new things is possible at any age, but after thirty years it is significantly complicated by the slowdown in the development of new interneuronal connections. You can load the brain with anything, as long as it is not familiar to him. Learning a new language, solving mathematical problems, mastering new sciences, studying historical archives and understanding them. But! Solving crosswords, scanwords and the like is like memorizing a large Soviet encyclopedia. Dry information occupies only the cells responsible for memory, but not for thinking. Physical activity also helps keep the brain in a “working” state. With what it is connected, it is difficult to say.
vascular therapy. It is impossible to bring the vessels into a state corresponding to the age of twenty, however, partial recovery is possible, which is what doctors use when prescribing appropriate drugs.
Nootropics and neuroprotectors. A more specific treatment that helps nerve cells recover.
Psychotherapy is carried out only as a secondary adjunct to drug therapy. Modern psychotherapeutic techniques help to identify and eliminate the true cause of the disorder, form a new model of response to stressful situations, and correct personal assessment.
Before visiting a psychotherapist, the patient can only engage in prevention - all drug treatment has a significant number of contraindications, which are taken into account by the specialist, making a choice in favor of one or another remedy. It is imperative to consult a doctor in case of bradypsychia - there is not a single “easy” reason for such a state of mind.
Forecast and prevention of bradilalia
The prognosis for overcoming bradilalia is most favorable with the early start of corrective work and the psychological causes of speech tempo disturbance. But even after the development of normal speech skills, long-term observation by specialists is necessary, constant self-control over the pace of speech.
For the prevention of bradilalia, it is important to prevent perinatal lesions of the central nervous system, head injuries, neuroinfections, and asthenic syndrome. It is necessary to take care of the normal development of the child's speech, to surround him with the right role models.
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hallucinations
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The information on the site is provided for reference purposes only. Do not self-medicate, be sure to consult a doctor.
How is the differential diagnosis of cataract made?
Depending on the type and stage of cataract development, a differential diagnosis procedure is performed in comparison with other eye diseases.
During the diagnosis, the ophthalmologist focuses on all the symptoms and manifestations of the disease, studying the condition and performance of the organs of vision using various devices and procedures.
During the differential analysis, the organs of vision are checked for other ophthalmic diseases with cataract-like symptoms:
- Hemophthalmos is a more intensive development of the disease with a sudden deterioration in the performance of the organ of vision. It is formed on the background of diabetes or hypertension. A characteristic manifestation is clouding of the anterior vitreous body. Read about the treatment of cataracts in diabetics in this article.
- Retinal detachment is a rapid development with the formation of a "veil". A characteristic gray reflex from the fundus, and during the study the lens is clear.
- Advanced glaucoma is a slow deterioration in visual function due to a narrowing of the area of peripheral vision. Fundus with typical glaucomatous nerve atrophy. IOP rises, the lens becomes transparent.
- Destruction is a slow deterioration of vision, most often due to inflammatory processes. Clear lens, destruction of the anterior vitreous body with symptoms of "rain", pale pink reflex.
- Retinoblastoma - is manifested by concomitant pathologies in the form of strabismus, an enlarged pupil, in which a neoplasm is formed. To identify the difference in the form of clouding, an ultrasound of the eye is performed.
Comparative analysis with age-related pathology
Diagnosis of senile (age or senile) cataracts begins with a study of the history of an ophthalmic disease. The process of education and its root cause are very important, because on the basis of them the method of diagnosis is determined.
The differential diagnosis of senile or immature senile cataract is made by comparison with open-angle glaucoma.
Symptoms characteristic of both diseases:
- advanced age;
- the primary stage of the disease passed without complaints from the patient, and therefore it was not detected immediately;
- gradual deterioration in the performance of the eyeball.
Cataracts are differentiated according to the transmitted light method, since the reactions of the eye in different diseases differ:
- cataract - a problematic or absent reaction from the fundus of the eye;
- glaucoma is a pink reflex from the fundus of the eye.
Signs of holding
Differential diagnosis of cataract is carried out for reasons characteristic of the manifestation of the compared disease.
Below is a table of the differential diagnosis:
Signs of cataract and glaucoma in the table
A correctly diagnosed ophthalmic pathology will reveal all the nuances of the disease and contribute to its correct typing.
If you need expert advice, please contact us.
After prescribing a medicine, the doctor begins to observe. The whole future of the patient may depend on the conclusions made on the basis of these observations: after all, the actions of the doctor depend on his conclusions, and the fate of the patient - on the actions of the doctor. If the doctor is unable to appreciate the significance of what he sees, then his actions will be wrong, the appointments will be erroneous, and by changing the medicines, he will harm the health of his patient. The insight of a doctor in this matter is indispensable. You can easily find that most physicians have only a vague notion of the observations that can be made after prescribing a remedy. Having prescribed a medicine, they are no longer able to see anything new. It was only after long, slow, and careful observations that I was able to collect the information that I am about to offer you. If the homeopath's observations are inaccurate, inaccurate, then the results are uncertain, and the appointments will be just as uncertain.
Obviously, the right medicine will work. In this case, its action will manifest itself in changes in symptoms. The essence of the disease is generally presented to the doctor through the symptoms, as we judge by the movement of the hands what is happening in the clockwork. Therefore, the doctor must patiently wait, observing the ongoing changes, in order to decide from them: what to do in the future and what to refrain from. True, the doctor does not have to think long about the latter: a sensitive and vigilant observer will always notice a sign telling him what not to do. Of course, if the prescription is wrong, if the medicine has no effect, then there is nothing to think about for a long time. This is undoubtedly one of the possible observations.
So, the changes have appeared: what are they, how significant are they, what do they mean? Listening to the patient's story, the doctor must imagine a picture of what is happening. The action of the drug is manifested in a change in symptoms: their disappearance, intensification or weakening, changing them in a certain sequence - this should be paid attention first of all.
The most common side effects of a drug are worsening or bettering the condition. The deterioration can be twofold: the patient gets worse or the patient gets better. By worsening disease, I mean a situation in which the patient becomes weaker and the symptoms worsen. A true homeopathic prescription produces such an aggravation of the symptoms that the patient subjectively feels better. I call a true homeopathic aggravation such a condition in which the symptoms increase, but the patient says: "I feel better."
Now we should consider all changes in symptoms in specific forms - the occurrence, deterioration or improvement, duration, etc. We must make our judgment, evaluate each variant of the course of these processes.
Only one general remark: evaluating the symptoms and their changes, the homeopath must come to the conclusion: his patient is recovering or, conversely, the disease is aggravated. Quite often you will hear: "Doctor, I'm getting weak," but know that this is not so. You have the opportunity to rely on the evolution of symptoms, which is more reliable than the opinion of the patient. Suppose he says to you, “Doctor, this morning I got much worse,” but when you examine the patient, you see that he is getting better. As soon as the patient finds that you are satisfied with the results of the examination, he is inspired, gets out of bed and asks for food.
Of course, by observing the symptoms, you may find that he has indeed weakened; if the evolution of symptoms is directed not outward, but inward, you will immediately understand that this does not bode well for the patient, even if he himself thinks otherwise. Your symptoms serve as a point of support. The allopathic doctor has nothing else but the words of the patient; but the homeopathic physician cannot rely on words to evaluate the results of homeopathic prescribing. And the symptoms need to be tested, and the patient's opinion should be confirmed by the symptoms. Often the symptoms do confirm the patient's words; but for the physician only the evolution of the symptoms can serve as an indicator.
The second general remark is that we must determine from the symptoms how profound the changes brought about by the treatment are. If you observe only superficial changes, then you should study their significance, determining whether the disease is really cured from the inside, or whether only local symptoms change. Quite often mild and superficial drugs, affecting only the senses and sensations, serve as a palliative for incurable diseases. In depth, the disease continues, progresses, but the patient becomes better. So the symptoms allow us to determine whether we have picked up a potency sufficient to cure. To do this, it is enough to determine the direction of change in symptoms, especially in chronic diseases.
For example, a stoop-shouldered person who has been suffering from a dry, hacking cough for years comes to your appointment. At first glance, you understand that he has been ill for a long time. This patient is thin and nervous, his face is sickly, with the seal of life's hardships. He is poorly dressed and suffers from malnutrition. The present symptoms clearly indicate an antipsoric remedy, the anamnesis indicates that the patient has been in need of this remedy for a long time. Upon further examination, your conclusion is confirmed.
Examination of the chest reveals insufficiency of its expansion, signs of tuberculosis, and a weak pulse and other confirming symptoms lead you to believe that the patient is slowly dying. You prescribe him the chosen remedy. A few days later you see this patient again: he has weakened even more, night sweats have appeared, the cough has intensified. However, the homeopath is glad to hear this, because he was waiting for this aggravation. But a few days later the patient comes back: the exacerbation not only has not ended, but, on the contrary, it is growing, coughing, sputum production are intensifying, night sweats persist. When you see the patient in another week, you can state a steady deterioration. Before taking the medicine the patient was in a relatively good condition, and by the end of the fourth week of progressive deterioration he was already so weak that he could not go to the doctor.
Case 1. Prolonged deterioration leading to death.
What have we done? We made a mistake; the antipsoric remedy proved to be too deep-acting and accelerated the processes of destruction in the body. In this case, the desired reaction of the body was impossible, the patient is incurable. The question arises: what to do? Do not give homeopathic medicine in such cases? The patient is still slowly dying. If you are not sure about the effect of the medicine, do not understand the nature of the deterioration, get ready to sign the death certificate.
In such incurable or doubtful cases, dilutions above 30 or 200 should not be used, and at the same time, carefully watch whether the exacerbation is too deep or prolonged. In such cases, in the presence of an organic pathology, the doctor should pay special attention to the symptoms that make you refrain from high potency: as a rule, these are chest symptoms.
Of course, all that has been said does not apply to cases when you see the threat of such a serious illness, when you are afraid of its occurrence, but only when you are sure of its obvious presence. In the case above, it is likely that the remedy was given too late; it tried to activate the vital force, but in doing so it only destroyed the organism. In such cases, start with low dilutions. In any situation, the 30th dilution can be considered low enough.
The next observation can be made by giving the same high dilution to a patient similar to the one described, but before the disease has gone so far. The prescription of the remedy is also followed by an aggravation, long and severe, but still in the end you will find the desired reaction - an improvement. The deterioration can last for weeks, until eventually the patient's weak body reacts and a slow but distinct improvement begins. This is a good sign.
After three months, the patient is ready for the next medication, after which the same sequence is repeated. Seeing this, you understand that the patient was on the verge; take one more step, and the cure would be impossible. In doubtful cases, it is good to resort to low dilutions, keeping an antidote at the ready, if the effect of the remedy is undesirable.
Case 2. Prolonged aggravation and slow improvement at the end.
If, after a few weeks, the patient becomes a little better, and the symptoms are already less pronounced than before taking the remedy, then there is a hope that in the end a change in the evolution of symptoms will begin - from the inside out, giving hope for a final recovery. However, you will then have to deal with long-term deterioration for several more years. In such a patient, we are dealing with an organic pathology of some organ that has already begun. So by the action of the drug you can judge the condition of the tissues and the prognosis for the patient.
Case 3. The aggravation comes quickly, it is strong and short-lived, and it is followed by a rapid improvement in the patient's condition.
After a quick, short-term and more or less severe aggravation, you always see a lasting improvement. A pronounced, persistent improvement, a strong reaction of the body, the absence of structural changes in the vital organs characterize such cases. You may find organic lesions on the surface, in non-vital organs. So, there may be abscesses or suppuration of some minor glands in parts of the body that are not vital. Such organic pathology is superficial compared to the changes that can occur in the kidneys, liver, heart or brain. Distinguish for yourself organic changes in vital organs from those in structures that you can do without. A brief, rapid, and severe aggravation is one to dream of, for it is followed by an equally rapid improvement. In an acute illness, such deterioration should be expected after a few hours, and in a chronic one, after a few days.
Case 4. Improvement occurs without prior deterioration.
In this case, there is neither organic pathology nor a tendency towards it. Chronic disease is not deep, it concerns more the function of the nerves than the condition of the tissues. But remember, changes in the tissues may be sufficient to disturb the flow of the life force throughout the body, but too small for a person to detect them. In such a situation, even a seriously afflicted patient can be cured without any homeopathic aggravation. By the absence of aggravation, you will understand that the potency of the remedy was optimal, and the remedy itself is completely similar. You have no reason to always expect this course of events. From too high or too low a dilution, only a disturbance of the innervation will occur, but an increase in symptoms will let you know about this. In the case of a cure without a stage of aggravation, we know that both the remedy and the potency were correct, and that is what produced the result. For acute cases this is excellent, and yet sometimes the doctor would prefer to see a little aggravation first.
Case 5. First improvement, then deterioration.
It happens like this: a seriously ill patient, like those whom I described in the 1st and 2nd observations, comes to you, and after the examination, you prescribe a medicine. The patient returns a few days later and tells you that he felt better, for 3-4 days he felt completely healthy, all his symptoms disappeared. However, by the end of the week or after 4-5 days, he becomes worse than before the treatment. This is not uncommon in severe cases with many symptoms - an initial improvement in a generally unfavorable condition. Analyzing such cases, you will come to one of two conclusions: partially such a remedy had only a palliative effect, or the remedy was chosen correctly, but the patient is incurable.
In order to choose the correct option, you must re-analyze the case and determine whether the clinic is really similar to the prescribed remedy. Suppose you come to the conclusion that your appointment is wrong; further analysis will show you that the remedy was similar in the most obvious, most severe symptoms, but not in constitutional terms. In the best case for the patient, the disease simply returns to its original state, but the symptoms often change, and the doctor has to wait a long time for the picture to clear up, although the patient suffers greatly. It will be easier for the patient to survive this expectation if the doctor immediately admits his mistake and says that he hopes to find the necessary medicine. It is amazing how the patient's confidence in the doctor increases when the latter tells him the truth. Recognition of a mistake causes respect and trust on the part of an intelligent patient.
In curable cases, the effect of higher and higher dilutions continues for a long time. When I say "action" I mean external signs, it would be more correct to say "apparent effect", since in reality the remedy acts immediately, causing a certain state in the patient, in which there is no need to repeat the remedy. This state can last for a very long time, sometimes for months. In curable cases, the good condition will last for a long time, and there is a significant improvement in the condition. If you observe the patient for a week, two or three, and he says that he feels good, his condition improves, and everything is from 10,000, and at the end of the fourth week he suddenly complains of emptiness and impotence, then this task deserves your attention.
Did the patient do anything that could spoil the effect of the medicine? Drunk? Inhaled ammonia fumes? Have you dealt with chemicals? No, there was nothing like that. Then it's bad. The action of the drug, which lasts only a few weeks instead of several months, should alert you. Especially if you don't find anything that could counteract the remedy.
Case 6. Too short improvement period.
The improvement from the prescription of the constitutional remedy is short, does not last as long as it should last. Go back to the third observation: there was a short deterioration followed by a long improvement. Here, in the sixth case, you see an improvement that is too short. If there is an aggravation immediately after taking the remedy, followed by a rapid improvement, then such an improvement will never be short-lived. If the improvement came quickly, then it is for a long time. If this does not happen, then something is interfering: the unconscious or intentional actions of the patient. A rapid improvement indicates that the remedy is rightly chosen, the vitality is preserved, and if all goes well, the patient will soon recover.
Too short an improvement can sometimes be noted in acute diseases. For example, with inflammation of the brain, the medicine relieves all symptoms for an hour, after which you have to repeat the dose, but now the relief period lasts only 30 minutes. Then you understand: this is too short-term improvement, the patient's condition is hopeless. The action in some very "red-faced" conditions is immediate, in my practice - after 5 minutes; but only with improvement, coming after an hour or two, the condition stabilizes for a long time.
In acute cases, rapid improvement means that the organs are threatened by severe inflammation. In chronic cases, a short-term improvement tells us about structural changes in organs that are destroyed, or are being destroyed, or are in a very risky, unstable state. It is not always possible to detect these changes in life, but they are. A careful observer, who has years of honest work behind him, is often able to explain the meaning of the symptoms without examining the patient. His statements about the patient seem like prophecies to family members, they put the doctor in a special place. They look at him as a sage, who knows everything and penetrates into the essence of phenomena. This is achieved by studying the patient's symptoms, knowing the effects of the drugs, and the symptoms that occur after the effects of the drugs. Thanks to this, he knows the reactions of this or that patient, whether they are fast or slow, and knows how drugs act on this or that family member. If a doctor treats a family for some time, should he know something about them? This knowledge is the wealth of the old doctor, and the young have yet to acquire it.
Case 7. Complete disappearance of symptoms, but without improvement in the general condition of the patient.
There are patients with hidden organic lesions, when it is impossible to achieve a complete cure. Thus, a patient with one kidney, or with fibrinous structural changes in certain organs, or with encapsulated tubercles, cannot be completely cured. In such cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating the painful manifestations. Such a patient cannot be completely cured. This must be remembered in cases where several remedies have been used, and each time the remedy has been effective, there has been an improvement, but only to a certain extent. In other words, the medicine acts beneficially, but the patient is not cured and never will be cured. Medicines serve as palliatives, and this is quite acceptable for homeopathic remedies in such a situation.
Case 8. Some patients show most of the symptoms of the remedy taken.
These are hysterical, overexcited, hypersensitive patients. Such a patient is said to be idiosyncratic to everything in the world. It is often impossible to cure such hypersensitive patients. As soon as you give a high dilution, the patient is completely under the influence of this remedy and nothing else affects him. The medicine subjugates the whole body of the patient. Its pathogenesis develops similarly to the course of the disease: with a prodromal period, a period of maximum manifestations and a period of decline.
Such patients are born testers, they respond even to the highest dilutions. If you find this property in your patient, go back to the 30th or 200th dilution. Working with such patients is unbearable. In acute conditions, help them with 30 or 200 dilutions, and in chronic conditions, 30, 200 or 1000. Many of these individuals are born with hypersensitivity and will die with it. They cannot overcome their over-irritability and overexcitability. Such patients, however, are useful to the homeopath. As soon as one test is completed, they are ready for the next.
Case 9. Effect of drugs on testers.
Healthy people always benefit from drug trials if done correctly. It is important to carefully study and write down the constitutional features of a person who is going to become a probationer - then you will subtract these symptoms from the results. They rarely show up during the test. It is also important to note the changes in them.
Case 10. New symptoms appear after taking the remedy.
If many new symptoms appeared after taking the remedy, the prescription was most likely wrong. Sometimes this "new" symptom is just an old, forgotten or previously unnoticed by the patient symptom that has reappeared. The more new symptoms appear after the prescription of the remedy, the more doubtful the prescription is. It is very likely that after the disappearance of these new symptoms, the patient will return to the original state and there will be no improvement. In other words, the drug is chosen incorrectly.
Case 11. Return of old symptoms.
If old, once disappeared symptoms return, then the disease is curable. They disappeared because the new ones suppressed them. When properly prescribed, it is common for the old symptoms to return under the drug aggravation, so that the symptoms disappear in the reverse order of their appearance. The current ones disappear and the old ones take their place. The doctor himself must understand that the patient is on the way to recovery, and inform him of this; explain that the disease, as it were, descends the stairs. Often old symptoms come and go without changing the remedy: then nothing needs to be changed. If the old symptoms, having returned, remain for a long time, it is necessary to repeat the medication.
Case 12. The change of symptoms goes in the wrong direction.
For example, by making a prescription for rheumatism of the knees, feet, or hands, you see immediate relief from joint pain. But the patient has increased pain in the heart or spine. In this case, you can state the movement of the disease from the periphery to the center, which requires the immediate appointment of an antidote. When the disease moves from the center to the periphery, from the vital centers - the heart, brain, spine, internal organs - to the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, this is good. This is why most gout sufferers feel best when their fingers and toes are at their worst. There is nothing worse than making an appointment for this and seeing an increase in heart symptoms: this leads to trouble. Rash on the skin, pain in the limbs are good signs. I remember how one day I was kicked out by a stern old lady, which was accompanied by a fair amount of square swearing. The lady told me: “When you were invited, I could walk, but now my ankles are so swollen that I can’t move.” This patient found another doctor, but soon died. It is very dangerous to choose a remedy only according to external symptoms, i.e., a remedy similar only to skin symptoms, neglecting all the rest - the general condition of the patient. Such a medicine can cure a skin disease, but not the disease. The patient himself will suffer until the rash reappears or moves to a new location.