Collagen what and why. The importance of collagen and its use in cosmetology and medicine. Where is collagen found?
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The main supporting and protective tissue of the human body is connective tissue. It makes up half the body weight and determines the physical characteristics of all structures and organs - skin, bones and joints, ligaments, etc. But the connective tissue itself includes the intercellular substance. It is the basis (matrix) that fills all the space between organs and cells. The matrix ensures the preservation of not only the shape of all structures and cells, but also the functional connection between them, as well as water and mineral metabolism. What is connective tissue collagen? These are protein filaments that are one of the main components of the matrix, which also includes elastin, structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
Importance of Collagen
It is a large-molecular protein helix that allows connective tissue to remain in good condition and makes up 1/3 of the total mass of protein in the human body. They have very high strength and are almost indestructible. There are different types of collagen for different tissues (more than 19). Its main functions:
- protective - ensuring the strength of fabrics and protection from mechanical damage;
- supporting - fastening and shaping the shape of organs;
- restorative (cellular regeneration);
- provides elasticity of fabrics together with elastin fibers;
- inhibits the development of melanomas (tumor-like formations of the skin);
- stimulates the formation of cell membranes.
Biosynthesis and breakdown of collagen
Collagen plays a huge role in the skin, in which it is represented by types I and VII. It makes up 70% of its proteins and is located in the dermal layer, providing the skin with tone, strength, elasticity and taking part in their hydration.
Collagen biosynthesis in the skin consists of eight stages. Five of them occur in fibroblast cells, three - extracellularly.
Intracellular stages:
- Stage I - synthesis of preprocollagen, a precursor of collagen, on cell ribosomes.
- II - cleavage of a section of the peptide chain with the formation of procollagen on the endoplasmic reticulum of the fibroblast.
- III - oxidation of amino acid residues under the influence of enzymes and with the participation of “C”.
- IV - transfer of glucose and galactose to procollagen using appropriate enzymes.
- V - formation of soluble collagen (tropocollagen) in the form of a triple helix.
Extracellular stages:
- I - secretion of tropocollagen into the intercellular environment and cleavage of part of the molecule units.
- II - “cross-linking” of parts of molecules “end-to-end” with the formation of insoluble collagen.
- III - connection of the molecules of the latter “side-to-side” with the formation of strong inextensible spirals.
Biosynthesis is greatly influenced by adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids), sex hormones and vitamin C.
The destruction of collagen fibers occurs constantly under the influence of collagenase and other enzymes, which “grind” them even more. The general scheme of destruction of this protein looks like this:
- Fibroblasts that synthesize collagen capture its fibers and synthesize collagenase.
- Collagenase breaks down the molecular bonds of collagen fibers.
- Macrophages absorb and “digest” them.
The amino acids formed in this process are involved in the construction of cells and the restoration of collagen. In a young healthy body, the cycle of destruction and synthesis is about 1 month, and collagen turnover is 6 kg per year. After 25-30 years, dissimilation constantly increases and gradually begins to prevail over synthesis, as a result of which, with increasing age, the content of this protein in the skin gradually decreases. Collagen restoration in middle age is already approaching 3 kg.
Its fibers are destroyed and become stiff and brittle, damaged, fragmented collagen accumulates, as a result of which the skin becomes less strong and elastic, becomes thinner, becomes sagging and spotty, dryness increases due to the loss of the protein’s ability to retain water molecules, and wrinkles form. The resulting ptosis (sagging) of tissues reduces the mechanical tension of cells, leading to their collapse (decline) and damage to fibroblasts that regulate collagen synthesis. Thus, a vicious circle is closed. Therefore, collagen is called the protein of youth.
Factors influencing synthesis processes
Reducing collagen production and accelerating its destruction is facilitated by:
- excessive ultraviolet irradiation and insufficient hydration of the skin;
- smoking, which leads to narrowing of small blood vessels, decreased blood flow to tissues and the accumulation of free radicals, direct destruction of protein;
- excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, which dehydrate the body and lead to stress in all body systems;
- psychological stress and poor nutrition, containing insufficient amounts of protein, vitamins and minerals;
- some congenital and immune systemic diseases of connective tissue (collagenosis) - rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, etc.
The use of collagen in cosmetology
There are two directions in cosmetology:
- use of technological collagen;
- stimulation of the body's own protein synthesis.
Depending on the source raw material, three types of collagen are distinguished:
- Animal origin(the cheapest), obtained from the skin of cattle in the form of hydrolysates. As one of the components, it is included in moisturizing and nourishing cosmetic creams. However, its molecules are very large and therefore cannot penetrate the stratum corneum. External use of collagen in various creams and masks often causes allergic reactions. Obtaining it from cow tissue is very limited due to widespread rabies. Collagen is also produced from porcine tissue, donor or cadaveric human tissue.
- Vegetable(from wheat proteins), which is better absorbed by skin cells and rarely causes allergic reactions. But obtaining it requires significant financial expenses due to the complexity of the technology. In addition, in essence, plant protein is not collagen, since the latter exists only in the connective tissue of animals, fish and birds.
- Nautical- produced from fish skin. In its amino acid structure, it is close to human skin collagen and penetrates into its deep layers. The disadvantage of marine fish collagen is the ability to cause severe allergies. However, collagen preparations from the skin of freshwater fish that live in clean waters do not lead to such reactions. After a certain time, this protein is destroyed into 19 amino acids. They have moisturizing properties and are used by the body to build epidermal cells.
In cosmetology, collagen is used:
- For external use as one of the components in creams, gels, masks. Large protein does not penetrate the stratum corneum, but only temporarily fills skin irregularities and microcracks. The effectiveness of these drugs is explained by their moisturizing effect. It occurs as a result of the hygroscopicity of collagen and the formation of a film on the surface of the skin. But this also has a negative effect, since such hydration is only superficial, and the “compress” closes the intercellular pores and makes it difficult for water to evaporate from the skin surface. This result is comparable to moisturizing the skin of the hands when using surgical gloves. The positive effects of these drugs can only be explained by the influence of other components in their composition - antioxidants, trace elements, amino acids, vitamins.
- In the form of fillers(fillers) used for injection contouring, as well as as one of the components in cocktails with hyaluronic acid and other substances in mesotherapy procedures. They are produced on the basis of human (Cymetra, CosmoDerm, CosmoPlast, Dermologen, Isolagen) and bovine (Ziderm, Zyplast, "") collagen, as well as in the form of combined gels ("Artefil", "Artecoll"), consisting of bovine collagen and synthetic filler PMMA, which stimulates the synthesis of its own collagen. are used to correct lips, defects (scars, post-acne) and age-related changes in the face, and moisturize the skin. The effect of their use is noted immediately and persists, depending on the drug, for 6-12 months.
- In dietary supplements and in the form of powders (KWC, Ultra Collagen), capsules with collagen hydrolyzate, tablets.
How to restore your skin's own collagen
Stimulation of the process of neocollagenesis is carried out by application.
Collagen is a special protein that is the basis of the connective tissue of the human body. Since connective tissue consists of cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons, dermis, bones, and muscles, it is reasonable to say that the human body is built on a collagen framework. Strong collagen threads prevent tissue rupture under stress, ensuring their stretchability. A sufficient amount of collagen in the skin is the key to its health and youth. But not everything is so simple. I recommend watching the video about collagen and joint supplements.
Joint supplements: Collagen/Gelatin. Scientific research and facts.
Functions of collagen in the human body
Collagen performs the following functions in the human body:
- ensures the growth of new cells of all types of connective tissue;
- allows cells to retain moisture;
- structures tissue cells in space, connecting them into a single whole and ensuring their elasticity and firmness;
- prevents age-related skin changes: sagging, wrinkles, sagging, providing a beautiful aesthetic appearance.
The importance of collagen for an athlete
For a person who has increased physical activity, a sufficient amount of collagen in the body is especially important, because it:
- strengthens ligaments, joints, bones;
- prevents thinning of cartilage tissue;
- ensures elasticity of muscles, tendons, ligaments;
- reduces the risk of injury.
Particular attention should be paid to collagen saturation of the body for athletes who:
- prefer weightlifting, powerlifting or bodybuilding;
- experience discomfort in ligaments, cartilage and joints (pain or crunching under heavy loads, limited joint mobility);
- injured.
Features of collagen synthesis in the body
Collagen fibers, like all proteins, consist of amino acids. Collagen contains the most hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline.
The following minerals contribute to collagen synthesis: copper, zinc, sulfur, iron, silicon.
Strengthening collagen fibers is facilitated by luteins and anthocyanidins - special substances of plant pigments.
The normal functioning of collagen is ensured by vitamins C, E, A, D, F.
Foods that promote collagen synthesis
Collagen is synthesized by the body, it cannot be obtained in unchanged form from food, so it is important to saturate your diet with foods rich in:
- proteins containing exactly those amino acids that are necessary for the production of collagen;
- vitamins, minerals and other special substances that promote collagen synthesis and ensure that it performs its functions.
The amino acids necessary for collagen synthesis can be obtained from seaweed, eggs, dairy products, chicken and turkey meat, wheat germ, legumes, and fatty sea fish, such as salmon.
Citrus fruits, blueberries, greens, and most vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamin C. Vitamins E and F contain vegetable oils, vitamins A and D - fish oil, liver of fish, animals and birds.
There is a lot of copper in legumes and seafood, zinc in yeast and wheat germ, and sulfur in the yolk of a chicken egg. Meat, tongue, beef liver, whole grains, and green apples are rich in iron. Red vegetables, such as beets, will provide a sufficient supply of silicon.
There is a lot of lutein in spinach, kale, greens, anthocyanidins in blueberries and green tea.
Collagen Supplements
Since collagen performs many important functions for the human body, and it is difficult to compensate for its deficiency with food, many people resort to the use of special supplements containing collagen. Here manufacturers use:
- Animal collagen, which is obtained from the joints, skin, and tendons of cattle. It is the most accessible, but it is believed that it is difficult for it to penetrate deep into the cells of the human body through the skin, therefore this type of collagen is not recommended for use in the production of cosmetic products and supplements aimed at improving the appearance of skin, hair and nails. For the same reason, its use in ointments, creams and gels aimed at restoring cartilage tissue is undesirable.
- Marine collagen, obtained from the skin and bones of sea fish, is well absorbed by the body, affordable, but often causes allergic reactions.
- Plant collagen, the source of which is wheat and some other plants. This type of collagen is well accepted by our body, but is very expensive.
If there are problems with the dermis or pain in the joints, it is usually recommended to add collagen in the form of a gel or cream. To treat (or prevent) diseases of the joints, cartilage, and ligaments, oral supplements are needed.
Hydrolyzed collagen
The product of denaturation (thermal destruction of amino acid bonds inside the protein) of collagen is gelatin or scientifically hydrolyzed collagen. Raw materials for obtaining high-quality gelatin are subjected to pre-treatment and long-term drying. Hydrolyzed collagen is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, being absorbed in the intestines. This collagen can strengthen bones, tendons and ligaments, and restore cartilage tissue.
Collagen consumption standards
To prevent problems associated with the musculoskeletal system, the average person needs to consume up to 2 g of gelatin daily, an athlete - about 5 g. People who regularly train with additional weight should increase the dose of collagen to 10 g per day. When taking industrial supplements, you must follow the instructions for use of the drug (usually 5-6 g).
Industrial additives or gelatin?
The choice of collagen supplements depends on individual factors. Many industrial collagen complexes saturate the body with essential amino acids in the same way as regular food gelatin, but they are several times more expensive. On the other hand, specialized complexes usually contain vitamins and minerals that promote collagen synthesis. Therefore, if you make a choice in favor of gelatin, pay attention to the intake of those substances into the body with food that are necessary for the synthesis of collagen fibers, their strengthening and normal functioning.
Joint Supplements Not Working? Gelatin or collagen?
Diseases associated with loss of firmness and elasticity of muscles, ligaments, joints, tendons, and cartilage are easier to prevent through proper prevention than to treat. The more actively a person loads his body, the higher the risk of such diseases. Remember this and be healthy!
And finally, a recipe for healthy joints, elastic skin, strong nails. We stimulate collagen synthesis.
Recipe for healthy joints
Depending on the purpose of the connective tissue that the protein forms, it is divided into 3 main types.
Did you know? "Collagen" translated from Greek- “birthing glue”. This building material makes up about 80% of the reticular layer of the skin, about 33% of the total amount of protein in the body and up to 6% of body weight.
Types
For people actively involved in sports, especially strength sports, the daily dose should be increased to 6 g. In this case, proper nutrition and a list of elements that provide the elements necessary for protein synthesis are important.
For injuries or diseases of joints, cartilage and other connective tissues (osteoarthritis), the dose of collagen is increased to 10 g per day. The appointment is divided into several times a day.
Gelatin or additives
Gelatin obtained from agar-agar (algae) or pectin (polysaccharide) is not a solution to problems, it is not collagen. In addition, there are many additives in jelly candies or the jelly itself: emulsifiers, sweeteners, flavorings, etc. This, you see, is not the most useful product. Gelatin, obtained by cooking meat broth or jellied meat, is collagen, but, as already mentioned, it is poorly digestible.
Specialized hydrolyzed protein supplements are easily digestible and are the easiest solution to replenishing the supply of an important substance. Collagen supplements are available in capsules and powders for joints and ligaments.
When and how to take it?
Taking collagen in the form of protein products is better absorbed by the body in the morning. There are no special time requirements for taking supplements.
For Sport
Before prescribing the dosage, take into account the following points:
- degree of power loads;
- presence of injuries;
- sprain;
- presence of joint pain.
To treat injuries or diseases of connective tissue, a complex is made up: supplements plus regimen. Collagen for joints and spine is taken in courses lasting from 14 to 30 days, courses are repeated if necessary. Each form of the drug has its own dosage, you need to follow the instructions and directions. Most supplements are taken with meals, with plenty of water, as a one-time use. For dermatological diseases, use the gel, rubbing it into the skin until completely absorbed.
Side effects and contraindications
Side effects may occur due to an allergy to the components of the drug, errors in dosages, or to an uncertified product. List of possible reactions:
- hives;
- decrease in pressure;
- nausea and vomiting;
- unpleasant ;
- increased heart rate.
There are no contraindications as such; there may be an allergy to the components of the supplements.
Important! Before taking collagen for joints and ligaments, consult your doctor; self-treatment may harm your health.
Preventive measures
To prevent diseases associated with a lack of protein and prolong the youth of your joints and skin, it is advisable to eat properly. Food products contain substances that are involved in protein synthesis and stimulate the body to produce its own reserves. For the formation and synthesis of collagen, the body needs the following elements:
- - seafood, forest, ;
- silicon - cereals, bran, tomatoes;
- - soybean,
Collagen supplements are most often sold as anti-aging products that help improve skin condition and prolong its youthfulness. Collagen is one of the main components of our skin and is a protein found in connective tissue. As we age, the inner layer of our skin loses collagen and, as a result, the skin becomes less elastic and firm, and more vulnerable to damage. However, despite claims that collagen supplements can restore collagen levels in the body and reverse the aging process, scientific evidence for this is lacking to date.
Possible benefits of collagen for human health
Very few studies have tested the effects of collagen supplements on the human body. Let us consider the main conclusions drawn from the available research.
1) Bone Health
In a 2010 study published in the journal Maturitas, researchers found that dietary collagen supplements failed to improve bone health in postmenopausal women. The study involved 71 women with osteopenia. Trial participants were assigned to hydrolyzed collagen or a placebo for 24 weeks. The results showed that dietary collagen supplements had no effects on bone metabolism.
2) Maintain body weight
Taking hydrolyzed collagen may help maintain lean body mass in older women. These data were obtained as a result of a 2009 study published in one of the American journals devoted to problems with excess weight. The study involved 9 healthy older women who took hydrolyzed collagen for 15 days.
3) Unproven benefits of collagen
Despite having little to no scientific basis, collagen supplements are extremely popular among many advocates around the world. Some proponents claim that collagen supplements offer a wide range of health benefits, including
– improvement of the condition of skin, hair and nails;
– improved eye health;
– protection against diseases of the cardiovascular system;
– improvement of achievements in the sports field;
– strengthening bones.
Because they are supposed to help the skin become more youthful and beautiful. But are collagen products really that useful? And isn't our body producing enough collagen? Find answers to these (and other) questions about drinking collagen below.
What is collagen?
Let's start with the main thing: collagen is the most abundant protein in the skin, making up 75-80% of the organ. "TO collagen is found in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin, giving it density and elasticity.”, explains dermatologist Debra Jaliman in an interview with Health.com.
Collagen is also found in bones, tendons, organs, muscles, blood vessels and hair, and is a major component of our connective tissues. This is why it is often called the “glue” inside the body.
And no, consuming collagen is not something new, because people have been doing it for centuries. Gelatin is a cooked form of collagen that is made in water. It, as you probably know, is often used as a thickener for jellies and puddings, as well as for many other culinary and not so culinary purposes - from soup and ice cream to vitamins.
Why do people drink collagen?
The answer is simple - wrinkles, from the appearance of which it is natural collagen that protects the skin. Unfortunately, the skin also contains an enzyme called collagenase, which is in collagen. And although our bodies produce new collagen every day, after age 25 we lose more collagen than we make—and that's a major problem. This is when we begin to see the first signs of aging, and later - sagging and sagging skin.
Do Collagen Powders Work?
Since our bodies break down more collagen as we age, collagen powders and pre-made collagen shakes seem like smart choices. But how really?
“Consuming collagen can improve skin elasticity and aid the repair process, thereby stimulating the body to produce new collagen.”, comments Dr. Jaliman. She also points out that collagen drinks have antioxidant properties, and antioxidants are known to limit the production of free radicals that can damage cells from the inside.
As a result, drinking collagen appears to actually be able to promote healthier and, by the way, younger looking skin. And although there is not enough research at the moment, the existing work on the topic points to possible benefits of collagen drinks, including improving skin elasticity and even reducing joint pain.
One recent study also linked oral ones to improved nail growth and texture. And a meta-analysis published in early 2018 found that collagen has medium-term effects. Finally, in a study conducted in 2016, collagen supplements were shown to be an excellent way to increase skin density after just 4 weeks.
Is it possible to increase collagen without supplements?
“Ingested collagen in the form of shakes, supplements or powders does not have any significant proven benefits when compared to consuming other forms of protein.”, notes Rachel Nazarian, a member of the American Academy of Dermatology. But in this case we are talking exclusively about protein as Finally, using the right skin care products - with retinoids and vitamin A-based peptides in the composition - also increases the production of natural collagen. Don't forget this when you walk through cosmetic stores.