What is iodine made from? The main properties of iodine: benefits and harms to the body. Application and value for the person. Where is iodine found
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The cat ran, wagging its tail. This is not a fairy tale about Ryaba the chicken, but history of the discovery of iodine. It was discovered in a Paris plant that converts sodium nitrate to potassium nitrate. The first was damp in the air, and the second was in short supply.
The transformation took place with the help of ash remaining from the burning of algae. The method was invented in 1808, but they did not know what its secret was. Nor did the cat that the factory workers chased after. overturned two vessels - with sulfuric acid and residual salts of production.
Violet fumes rose into the air. This was seen by the owner of the plant, Bernard Kurt. He conducted several experiments himself, then passed the information on to scientists. The result - in 1814, the world learned about the existence of a new element. They became iodine.
Chemical and physical properties of iodine
Properties of iodine due to its location in . The element is enrolled in the 7th group. It contains halogens - the most active non-metals. Iodine, for example, has an easily polarizable electron shell.
That is, it is not worth the trouble to separate in space. This allows cations of other elements to penetrate into a non-metal atom, the mass of which, by the way, is 127. The “guests” in the electron shell change it, making iodine the most covalent of all halogens.
Simply put, an element can form more diverse bonds with other atoms. Often iodine polarizes positively. This atom is the most active. Highlights it and the color, the same purple.
iodine atom listed in the periodic table - a natural specimen. This is a stable isotope with an atomic mass of 127. Other atoms with numbers 125, 129, 131 have also been artificially obtained.
Each of them - radioactive iodine. Isotopes emit beta and gamma rays and are used in medicine. Radioactive iodine is obtained from the fission products of uranium. That is, nuclear reactors serve as laboratories.
Standard iodine can compatible with most non-metals and approximately 40% metals. The noble ones, and not only, do not react to the 53rd element. Interaction is also impossible with carbon, oxygen and all inert gases.
Is it iodine study, or its compounds, can be determined using water. The pure element hardly dissolves in it. Iodites, that is, compounds of matter with alkaline and alkaline earth atoms, are soluble. In its original form, the 53rd element disappears in water only with strong heating.
Iodine solution easy to get if you use organic. Suitable glycerin, carbon disulfide or carbon tetrachloride. If the solvent is anoxic, it will turn purple. If there are oxygen atoms in the liquid, iodine will make it.
In its pure form, at room temperature, iodine is purple-black. The luster of the substance is metallic, the state of aggregation is . They are dense - almost 5 grams per cubic centimeter.
Crystals are made up of molecules, each of which has 2 atoms. The substance passes into the gaseous state at a temperature of 183 degrees. Getting iodine liquid is possible already at 114 Celsius.
The use of iodine
Salts of iodine used in the glass industry. We are talking about the headlights of cars and lamps with special effects. The main effect is that iodites serve as filters from oncoming light rays. Drivers know how important it is, at times, to neutralize them.
This process is called polaroid and, in fact, first came in handy in photographic art. The author of the notion is the Englishman William Talbot. He was an outstanding chemist and physicist of the 19th century.
The 21st century is dominated by digital technology. However, the iodide variety is still used to produce a negative photo. In combination with gelatin, it gives an emulsion, which is coated on a glass substrate. Light hits the coating, selection begins. More light - more metal. This is how the picture is made.
Iodine application found in metallurgy. Element compounds help to obtain high purity metals. Thermally decomposing iodites, industrialists extract, for example, vanadium and zirconium. These refractory elements are essential for many rocket alloys and nuclear reactor materials.
Can also be found in automotive bearings iodine. Which does it make sense? The element is added to the lubricant. It is recommended for titanium and stainless steel. Processing allows the parts to withstand a load of 50 times the standard. This is despite the fact that iodine in the lubricant is only 1-2%.
Without the 53rd element, medicine is unthinkable. Iodine in the body controls the functioning of the thyroid gland, is included in the hormones TSH, T3 and T4 produced by it. With a lack of an element, goiter develops, cancers are possible.
At the same time, the body cannot produce the substance itself. Iodine comes exclusively from food, dietary supplements and medicines. Of the latter, it is easy to remember " Iodomarin».
It is prescribed even to infants, especially in areas remote from the seas. In such areas, as a rule, there is a deficiency of the 53rd element, which is contained mainly in the waters of the oceans and their gifts.
One of the latest developments of doctors - blue iodine. Starch is added to it, changing the color of the usual solution for external use. Starch also neutralizes the effect of alcohol and other harmful "additives". Doctors allow such an elixir already for internal use and for rinsing with iodine. Although, the mixture will cope with the latter salt, soda, iodine.
Iodine treatment allowed not only in its stable, but also radioactive forms. So the 131st isotope is used to restore the functions of the thyroid gland. The procedures are strictly standardized, since an excess of radioactive iodine can provoke oncology.
Extraction of iodine
How much iodine produced per year? About 30,000 tons. World reserves of the element are estimated at almost 15,000,000 tons. Most of them are hidden in iodine compounds. It is rarely found in its pure form.
The method of extracting substances from natural accumulators - algae - is still relevant. A ton of dried kelp contains 5 kilograms iodine.
For the normal functioning of the body, a person needs to receive certain elements with food. In particular, it is necessary that the diet contains foods rich in vitamins, macronutrients and microelements. One of the most important elements for human health is iodine. Without iodine, the normal functioning of the pancreas, the most important organ responsible for digestion and the regulation of blood sugar levels, is impossible. In addition, iodine is important for the thyroid gland, which is responsible for the functioning of the central nervous system, the process of assimilation of fats and carbohydrates, as well as the condition of the skin and hair.
The hormones produced by the thyroid gland are directly involved in the development of cells of the central nervous system, as well as skin and hair, so pregnant and lactating women should receive the maximum dose of iodine. For them, the daily dose is about 210 mcg per day. Enough for an adult 150 micrograms of iodine.
Children under the age of two need to provide at least 50 micrograms of iodine. From two to six years, this dose should double. Well, schoolchildren need about 120 micrograms of iodine per day.
Most iodine is found in seafood. It is known that the inhabitants of the sea element are able to accumulate iodine from salt water. In particular, only 150 grams of seaweed, or kelp, can provide the daily dose of iodine that an adult needs. A fairly large amount of iodine is found in fucus, but in our country it is not easy to find this algae in stores.
Cod liver is quite rich in iodine. Just 100 grams of this product contains about 350 micrograms of iodine. Raw sea fish, such as flounder, halibut or herring, contain from 100 to 200 micrograms of a valuable trace element. Approximately the same amount of iodine is found in 100 grams of squid, mussels, oysters and shrimp.
It should be remembered that iodine is a rather unstable compound that can volatilize during heat treatment. Therefore, it is advisable to use seafood not fried: it is recommended to stew them or boil them.
You can not exclude from the diet cheeses and shelf products, which contain about 11 micrograms of iodine per 100 grams of weight. Approximately 7 mcg of iodine is found in potatoes, carrots, tomatoes and sorrel.
Persimmons, strawberries, lemons and grapes contain no more than 5 micrograms of iodine per 100 grams of weight. Therefore, nutritionists recommend purchasing fruits and vegetables that are grown on soils enriched with iodine.
We must not forget about such a valuable food product as chicken eggs. One egg contains not only proteins and fats valuable for the body, but also approximately 12 micrograms of iodine.
Many people try to fill the iodine deficiency in the diet by using special iodized salt. Only two grams of this salt can fully replenish the daily volume of this valuable trace element. Iodized salt was invented in America, where at the beginning of the last century there was a significant increase in the number of children born with cretinism (a severe form of mental retardation). Children with mental retardation were born in those places where the soil, and hence food, was not rich enough in iodine.
It is important to remember that iodized salt will only be effective if the food is salted after cooking. Otherwise, iodine will evaporate during heat treatment.
How does iodine deficiency manifest itself?
Insufficient intake of iodine in the body is manifested as follows:
- the person becomes irritable;
- migraines are observed;
- reduced ability to concentrate;
- performance decreases.
Iodine deficiency and overweight
Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are involved in a number of metabolic processes, in particular, in the breakdown and accumulation of fats and carbohydrates. In the event that there is a lack of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland changes its mode of operation. In the process of evolution, a special mechanism has been developed: in the event that the body is in danger in the form of a lack of food, the endocrine system begins to “work” to create reserves. As a result, fatty deposits are formed, which often causes obesity. At the same time, the production of growth hormones decreases: all metabolic processes in the body slow down in order to “wait out” a difficult period. This also affects the work of the nervous system: a person becomes inhibited, his memory deteriorates and his ability to concentrate decreases.
If for a long time the body does not receive the required amount of iodine, the following symptoms are observed:
- the thyroid gland increases in size (goiter develops);
- the work of the endocrine system suffers;
- children have a lag in both physical and intellectual development;
- drowsiness, constant feeling of tiredness, lack of energy;
- deaf-mute;
- violations of the reproductive system: impotence, infertility, abnormalities in the development of the fetus, etc.
With a lack of iodine in the diet, disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems can also be associated.
The famous statement of Hippocrates is well known: In a spoon - medicine, in a cup - poison". And despite the fact that iodine is a vital element for every person, its excess can cause serious disorders in the body. Excessive consumption of iodine can lead to the following consequences:
- paranoia;
- allergic reactions;
- hyperactivity;
- weight loss;
- potency disorders.
Do I need to take iodine supplements?
Only a doctor can decide whether a person needs to take iodine. Usually taking drugs containing iodine is recommended:
- during pregnancy planning;
- during childbearing and breastfeeding;
- newborns whose mothers suffer from iodine deficiency;
- during heavy mental stress (during exams or when working on important projects).
Iodine is one of the most important elements necessary for the normal functioning of the body. However, we must not forget that an excess of iodine is no less dangerous than its deficiency. It is important for every person to eat right: only a balanced diet will provide the body with everything necessary for its normal functioning. Only a doctor can decide whether a person needs an additional intake of drugs containing iodine.
Iodine in the body — Video
Zinc in the human body
Medical 5% iodine solution
Iodine is a very popular remedy for disinfecting various skin injuries (abrasions, scratches, cuts, etc.). Another common use of it is iodine mesh, I'm sure many have experienced this themselves in childhood. Do you know what iodine is made of? Why are some of its solutions brown and others purple?
Iodine under normal conditions is black-gray crystals with a purple metallic sheen. In medicine, we most often use a 5% solution of iodine in alcohol.
An alcoholic solution of iodine is brown, a solution of iodine in non-polar organic solvents is purple, and iodine vapor is also purple.
How iodine is obtained
Iodine is extremely rare in nature as a mineral, most often it is found in the form of iodides in sea water, in living organisms. Reserves of natural iodides are estimated at 15 million tons, 99% of the reserves are in Chile and Japan.
There are several ways to get iodine:
![](https://i1.wp.com/izchegodelaut.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/laminariya.jpg)
The raw material for the industrial production of iodine in Russia is oil drilling water, while in foreign countries that do not have oil deposits, seaweed is used, as well as mother solutions of Chilean (sodium) nitrate, lye from potash and saltpeter industries, which greatly increases the cost of producing iodine from such raw materials.
The use of iodine
One of the most important uses of iodine is in medicine. A 5% alcohol solution of iodine is used to disinfect the skin around various wounds.
With a large number of intramuscular injections, an iodine mesh is made in their place for the patient. This is necessary in order to quickly dissolve the "bumps" formed at the sites of intramuscular injections.
An example of an iodine grid
In x-ray and tomographic studies, iodine-containing contrast agents are widely used.
With iodine deficiency in the body, its 5% alcohol solution is not used orally!
In forensics, iodine vapor is used to detect fingerprints on paper surfaces, such as banknotes.
Iodine is used as a component of the positive electrode (oxidizing agent) in lithium-iodine batteries for automobiles.
Halogen lamps use iodine as a component of the bulb's gas filler to deposit the evaporated filament tungsten back onto the bulb.
The danger of iodine
Iodine is poisonous! The lethal dose of iodine is 3 g. It causes damage to the kidneys and the cardiovascular system.
When iodine vapor is inhaled, a headache, cough, runny nose, and there may be pulmonary edema appear.
When it comes into contact with the mucous membrane of the eyes, lacrimation, eye pain and redness appear.
When ingested, general weakness, headache, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, brown coating on the tongue, pain in the heart and increased heart rate appear. A day later, blood appears in the urine. After 2 days, renal failure and myocarditis appear. Without treatment, death occurs.
Initially, iodine crystals are not divided into medical and technical ones - they receive this status in the process of further processing.
What is iodine?
- An ordinary bottle of brown liquid, which can be found in almost every first aid kit?
- A substance with healing properties that bears the beautiful ancient Greek name "violet" given to it by the French chemist Bernard Courtois?
- Or a chemical element with atomic number 53?
Each option deserves primacy in the characterization of a given substance, revealing its properties from one side or another.
Chemists describe iodine as black/gray crystals with a characteristic purple sheen and a pungent odor. When they are heated, violet-colored vapors are released, thanks to which the element got its name.
INTERESTING! The discovery of the chemical dates back to the 18th century, although the well-known medical iodine solution began to be used much later.
In the periodic table of Mendeleev, the element denoted as I (from Iodum), has the 53rd atomic number, refers to the active non-metals and the halogen group.
The chemical properties of the element are similar to Chlorine, except that it is extracted from seaweed/petroleum sources, resulting in characteristic crystals with a metallic sheen/pungent odor.
Also, the substance turned out to be volatile even at room temperature. With minimal heating, it may ignite and begin to evaporate. The pairs have a bright purple hue.
Being in nature
Iodine is quite dispersed in nature, due to which it is contained in almost all bodies of the planet. But in its pure form, it is almost impossible to detect it. Small deposits are found in Chile, Japan, but, in most cases, the substance has to be extracted from algae, saltpeter, waters of petroleum origin.
A significant concentration of the element is in sea water, chernozem, peat. The main "reservoir" of halogen is the World Ocean, from which halogen enters the atmosphere, to the continents. The territory remote from the ocean is rightly considered poor in this substance. The same goes for mountainous terrain.
Chemical/Physical Properties
Iodine, as a chemical element, halogen, an inactive metal has several features:
- is a strong oxidizing agent;
- on its basis, a number of acids are formed;
- it is distinguished by a special reaction of the compound with starch in the form of a blue color;
- interacts with metals (as a result of which iodides appear);
- due to heating, it combines with hydrogen;
- vapors of the substance are poisonous (under their influence, the mucous membrane, which suffers first of all, is especially vulnerable).
Physical properties of halogen:
- the element consists of only one isotope (iodine-127);
- usually it is a crystalline substance of a solid consistency, dark in color, with a metallic sheen and a peculiar smell;
- iodine vapor is bright purple in color, formed even with a slight increase in temperature;
- when cooled, the halogen vapor immediately crystallizes, bypassing the liquid form;
- if you heat iodine with an additional source of pressure, you can get the liquid state of the microelement.
Iodine in the human body
The beneficial properties of iodine are of particular importance for the entire human body, since the use of this substance in medical practice has long been justified.
According to many sources, the element is especially necessary for the thyroid gland, because it is an indispensable component of its hormonal background.
It is in this part of the body that the concentration of the chemical element is more than 65%, the remaining 35% are concentrated in muscle tissues, blood, and ovaries. In micrograms, this at least 50 per day for a child's body, 120-150 for an adult, 190-210 for pregnant and lactating women.
At the same time, the influence of this substance on all life processes is really invaluable:
- iodine controls body heat regulation;
- promotes metabolism, metabolism, water-electrolyte processes;
- is responsible for the proper development of muscle tissue, the musculoskeletal system.
IMPORTANT! Do not forget about psychological / emotional health, the stability of which largely depends on the concentration of the trace element.
BUT! Organs and tissues cannot produce halogen on their own, therefore external sources of the element are so important for their full functioning: food, sea air, medicines.
Signs of iodine deficiency
Is ordinary iodine so important for human life? AND
As practice shows, everything should be even. After all, the harm of iodine is not a fictional fact, since this
This refers to halogen poisoning, chronic or acute. In the first case, the body consistently receives a significant dose of a chemical, but this is not enough for a vivid clinical picture. That's why the first signs may appear years later.
The acute form of poisoning manifests itself immediately, causing disruption of the cardiovascular / respiratory systems. The patient's life is in danger, and health is in danger.
However, not every excess of iodine can be called poisoning. Most often, pathology manifests itself as a complex of symptoms.:
- Iododerma or skin lesions
- The patient (the area of the face, neck, arms, legs) develops a characteristic rash, somewhat reminiscent of acne. A distinctive factor is considered to be severe discomfort, burning, itching, as well as a kind of merging of several formations into one spot with a purple tint.
- Conjunctivitis. Mucous membranes are especially vulnerable to halogen, which manifests itself as inflammation, lacrimation, visual impairment.
- Respiratory diseases. Caused by irritation of the respiratory tract.
- Increased salivation. The salivary glands also suffer from an increased concentration of iodine in the body, swell / become inflamed.
- Additional symptoms
It is less common, but, nevertheless, it takes place: a metallic taste in the mouth, an unpleasant odor, discomfort in the mucous throat, malfunction of the gastrointestinal tract / genitourinary system, decreased immunity, severe weakness, lethargy, toxic hepatitis. Graves' disease often speaks of an excess of iodine.
The use of iodine in life
Given the healing properties of the trace element, its main role is to maintain the full functioning of the human body, as well as the elimination of certain diseases:
- Just a few drops of iodine in a glass of water (especially with soda, salt) will help you quickly get rid of a sore throat or other purulent processes on the throat mucosa.
- Iodine mesh perfectly anesthetizes, dissolves blood clots, relieves inflammation, swelling. It is enough just to draw it with a cotton swab and a pharmacy solution of iodine, renewing it every few days. The exception is small children, whose delicate skin the substance can affect quite aggressively.
- No less popular is Lugol's solution, which is used to lubricate the throat with sore throat / increased soreness / angular stomatitis.
- With the help of an iodine solution, it is easy to disinfect damage to the skin.
INTERESTING! However, not only medicine has appreciated the beneficial properties of iodine. Thanks to this substance, forensic scientists remove fingerprints, industries continue to manufacture batteries, and additional light sources appear.
The benefits and harms of iodine for the human body
In order for iodine not to cross the forbidden line, posing a threat to human health, the level of its concentration in organs and tissues must correspond to the norm.
Structural formula
Russian name
Latin name for the substance Iodine
Iodum ( genus. Iodi)Gross formula
I 2Pharmacological group of the substance Iodine
Nosological classification (ICD-10)
CAS code
7553-56-2Characteristics of the substance Iodine
Grayish-black plates or crystals with a metallic sheen with a characteristic odor; volatile, sublimes when heated. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in aqueous solutions of iodides.
Pharmacology
pharmachologic effect- lipid-lowering, antiseptic, distracting, antimicrobial.Coagulates proteins with the formation of iodamines. Partially absorbed. The absorbed part penetrates into tissues and organs and is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland. It is excreted by the kidneys (mainly), intestines, sweat and mammary glands. It has a bactericidal effect, has tanning and cauterizing properties. Irritates the receptors of the skin and mucous membranes. Participates in the synthesis of thyroxine, enhances the processes of dissimilation, favorably affects lipid and protein metabolism (lowering cholesterol and LDL levels).
The use of the substance Iodine
Inflammatory and other diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, abrasions, cuts, microtraumas, myositis, neuralgia, inflammatory infiltrates, atherosclerosis, syphilis (tertiary), chronic atrophic laryngitis, ozena, hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter, chronic lead and mercury poisoning; disinfection of the skin of the surgical field, the edges of wounds, the fingers of the surgeon.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity; for oral administration - pulmonary tuberculosis, nephritis, furunculosis, acne, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria; pregnancy, children's age (up to 5 years).
Use during pregnancy and lactation
side effects of iodine
Iodism (runny nose, skin rashes like urticaria, salivation, lacrimation, etc.).
Interaction
Pharmaceutically incompatible with essential oils, ammonia solutions, white precipitated mercury (an explosive mixture is formed). Weakens the hypothyroid and strumagenic effects of lithium preparations.
Overdose
When inhaled vapors - damage to the upper respiratory tract (burn, laryngobronchospasm); if concentrated solutions get inside - severe burns of the digestive tract, the development of hemolysis, hemoglobinuria; The lethal dose is about 3 g.
Treatment: the stomach is washed with 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution, sodium thiosulfate 30% is injected intravenously - up to 300 ml.