OFS.5.1.0003.15 Leaves. Eucalyptus leaves. Eucalyptus shoots. Eucalyptus oil External signs of raw materials
Eucalyptus ball - Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Ash eucalyptus (gray) - Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. et Benth.
Eucalyptus twig - Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
Sem. Myrtaceae - Myrtaceae
Botanical characteristics. Eucalyptus trees are evergreen, tall, fast-growing trees with smooth bark. In Eucalyptus globulus, the periderm peels off and hangs in long ribbons. This species reaches a height of 45 m. Due to the ability to absorb huge amounts of moisture and release it into the air, as well as the property of the petioles to turn the leaves with their edges towards the sun, eucalyptus trees are pump trees and soil dryers. Eucalyptus globulus leaves have heterophyly. Young leaves are opposite, soft, covered with a layer of wax, bluish in color, ovate-heart-shaped. Old leaves have a characteristic appearance - they are leathery, short-petioled, alternate, often crescent-shaped, located perpendicular to the ground, so the trees provide little shade. The flowers are large, with a large number of stamens and an inconspicuous corolla. The fruit is a capsule with small seeds. Other types of eucalyptus (ash and twig-shaped) are distinguished by thicker, non-falling bark, shorter tree height, and greater frost resistance. It blooms in autumn in the 3-5th year of life. The seeds ripen in 1-2 years. Eucalyptus rodum is the most common species.
Spreading. Eucalyptus is native to Australia and its surrounding islands. Cultivated on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Central Asia.
Habitat. Plants are light-loving. They mainly grow on fertilized fertile soil. They propagate by seeds, which are germinated in greenhouses. Trees damaged by frost or cut down quickly regenerate with growth.
Preparation. Young leaves are collected in the fall, the rest can be prepared all year round, but the best raw materials are obtained during the autumn harvest. Portable ladders and hooks are used to collect leaves.
Security measures. It is better to combine the procurement of raw materials with decorative pruning of plantings. Branches should not be broken off.
Drying. On open air.
External signs. The raw material consists of a mixture of leaves collected from old and young branches of cultivated trees and shrubs. According to GF XI, the old leaves of eucalyptus globulus are petiolate, broadly lanceolate or elongated-lanceolate in shape, mostly sickle-shaped, thick, leathery, gray-green in color, 10-30 cm long, 3-4 cm wide. Young leaves are petiolate, soft, ovoid, with a heart-shaped base. Gray or ash eucalyptus leaves are collected from old branches. They are short-petiolate, lanceolate, with a pointed apex, 5-10 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, gray, with a waxy coating. The leaves of young branches are broadly ovate or rounded, pointed at the apex, petiolate; length and width within 2.5-7.5 cm. All leaves are bare, entire. On the leaves, in passing bright light, translucent dots (containers with essential oil) are visible. The smell is aromatic, the taste is spicy-bitter. The leaves of eucalyptus are narrow-lanceolate and sickle-shaped, with sharp ends. The quality of raw materials is reduced by the presence of browned leaves, other parts of the plant, organic and mineral impurities. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by external signs and microscopically. Under a microscope, containers with essential oil are clearly visible. The palisade part is located on both sides of the leaf in 3-4 rows, a small space in the center of the leaf is occupied by spongy parenchyma. There are many druses scattered throughout the pulp. There are no hairs, the vein has a crystalline lining, and the epidermal cells on both sides of the leaf are covered with a thick cuticle.
Microscopic signs. Cross section of a leaf in a chloral hydrate solution. To color the essential oil and cuticle, the preparation is prepared in a solution of Sudan III. The leaf is isolateral, the palisade tissue is located on both sides in 3 - 4 rows, in young leaves - in 1 - 2 rows; its cells are elongated, tightly adjacent to each other. The spongy parenchyma is barely noticeable. In mesophyll cells, calcium oxalate crystals are found in the form of drusen and prismatic; in young leaves there are spherocrystals and few druses. The epidermal cells on both sides of the leaf are covered with a thick layer of cuticle. Essential oil containers of schizogenic origin. They are large and often contain essential oil inside. Sudan III solution turns the essential oil and cuticle orange-red. The vein contains a lot of mechanical tissue - collenchyma, which lies directly under the epidermis in several rows, and fibers surrounding the vascular bundle. The veins have a crystal-bearing lining of prismatic crystals. Corky spots are visible in places on the leaf, most often near the veins; in this place the epidermis is usually destroyed by overgrown cork tissue.
Eucalyptus leaf preparation. Cross section of a sheet (x280):
1 - epidermis
2 - palisade fabric
3 - spongy tissue
4 - conductive bundle
5 - collenchyma
6 - stomata
7 - essential oil container
8 - cork stain
Chemical composition. Eucalyptus leaves contain essential oil, flavonoids and tannins. According to GF XI, the content of essential oil for whole raw eucalyptus balls is allowed to be no less than 2.5%, for cut eucalyptus - no less than 1.5%, and for eucalyptus twigs - no less than 1%. The content of the essential oil component - cineole - must be at least 60%, and in eucalyptus rodum - at least 45%. The essential oil has the form of a highly mobile, transparent, colorless or yellowish liquid with the smell of cineole.
Storage. In a dry place, in a well-sealed container. The cut leaf is stored in multilayer bags according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, eucalyptus oil - in well-closed bottles. The content of essential oil in raw materials is checked annually.
Pharmacological properties. Essential oil and other substances contained in the leaves (tannins, etc.) have a stimulating effect on the receptors of the mucous membranes and also have weak local anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activity.
Medicines. Cut leaves in a package of 100 g, decoction, tincture, briquettes, eucalyptus oil, Chlorophyllipt preparations (1% alcohol solution, used topically and orally; 2% solution in oil, used topically; 0.25% solution in ampoules, used intravenously), "Inhalipt", "Ingacamf". "Efkamon" ointment, "Golden Star" balm, "Pectusin" tablets. "Eucalimin" (0.25% and 1% alcohol solution).
Application. Decoction and infusion of eucalyptus and eucalyptus oil are used as antiseptics for rinsing and inhalation for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, as well as for the treatment of fresh and infected wounds, inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs (lotions, rinses).
Chlorophylliptum is a preparation containing a mixture of chlorophylls from eucalyptus leaves. It is an amorphous green powder. The drug has strong antibacterial activity.
Used topically (the original 1% alcohol solution is diluted in a ratio of 1:5 in a 0.25% novocaine solution) in the treatment of burns and trophic ulcers; 1% alcohol and 2% oil solutions are used for cervical erosion (lubrication of the cervical canal and erosion, wetting tampons inserted into the vagina); with a solution obtained by diluting 1 spoon of 1% alcohol solution in 1 liter of water, vaginal douching is performed.
It is sometimes used orally when staphylococci are carried in the intestines (5 ml of a 1% alcohol solution diluted in 30 ml of water, daily 3 times a day 40 minutes before meals). Enemas (20 ml of a 1% alcohol solution in 1 liter of water) are also prescribed for carriage of staphylococci in the intestines.
It is also proposed for intravenous use in septic conditions and pneumonia. Inject intravenously (slowly!) 2 ml of 0.25% solution diluted in 38 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution 4 times a day for 4-5 days. Sometimes used for infections caused by staphylococci that are resistant to antibiotics. The prepared 0.25% solution should be carefully checked; it should be transparent (without turbidity, sediment, etc.), which is diluted ex tempore.
In complex therapy of acute lung abscesses, 8-10 ml of 0.25% chlorophyllipt solution diluted in 150 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution are administered intravenously (drip) 2 times a day. For peritonitis and empyema, chlorophyllipt is administered into the cavity through a drainage tube for 5-6 days. Ex temperature is diluted with a 0.25% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt with a 0.25% solution of novocaine in a ratio of 1:20.
When using chlorophyllipt, allergic reactions are possible. Before treatment, it is necessary to check the patient's sensitivity to the drug; To do this, give the patient 25 drops of the drug diluted in 1 tablespoon of water. If after 6-8 hours there is no swelling of the lips, nasal mucosa, pharynx and other allergic reactions, a course of treatment with the drug can be prescribed; in the presence of allergic reactions, the drug is contraindicated.
Eucalyptus oil (Oleum Eucalypti) contains at least 60% cineole, pinene and other substances. A highly mobile transparent liquid, colorless or slightly yellowish in color, with a characteristic odor of cineole. Used as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent, for rinsing and inhalation for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (15-20 drops per glass of water).
Eucalyptus tincture (Tinctura Eucalurti). Tincture (1:5) in 70% alcohol. A transparent liquid of greenish-brown color with a peculiar odor. Prescribed orally as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, sometimes as a sedative. Take 15-30 drops orally; for rinsing - 10-15 drops per glass of water. Also used for steam inhalation.
Balm "Golden Star" (Balsamum "Stella aururia") contains eucalyptus, clove, peppermint oils, cinnamon and other substances. Stimulates sensitive nerve endings, has a distracting and some anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. For headaches and colds, rub a thin layer into the frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. For insect bites, lubricate the bite site and lightly rub in the balm. The balm should not be used if the integrity of the skin is damaged, pustular diseases, etc. Do not allow the balm to come into contact with the eyes. There is evidence of the possibility of developing adverse reactions when using the balm. Produced in Vietnam.
To better understand the importance of green leaves in plant life, let's get acquainted with the internal structure of the leaf blade.
The leaf blade consists of many cells of different sizes and shapes, that is, it has a cellular structure.
The skin cells are colorless and transparent, but among the colorless cells there are green guard cells arranged in pairs. There is a gap between them. These cells and the gap between them are called stomata 46 . Through the stomatal fissure, air penetrates into the leaf and water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere.
Most plants stomata are found only in the skin of the underside of the leaf blade. But in some, for example cabbage, they are also located in the skin of the upper side. In plants whose leaves float on the surface of the water, such as water lilies, stomata are found only on the upper side of the leaf. The number of stomata is huge. Thus, there are 220 stomata per 1 mm 2 of a sunflower leaf, and 550 of a maple leaf.
Under the skin there are leaf pulp cells. The leaf pulp consists of several layers of cells 47 . One of the layers is directly adjacent to the upper skin. Its cells resemble fairly equal columns. They are especially rich in chloroplasts. More rounded or irregularly shaped cells lie deeper; they do not fit tightly together. The spaces between cells are called intercellular spaces. The intercellular spaces are filled with air.
The pulp cells are green because they contain cytoplasm contains green plastids - chloroplasts. The color of chloroplasts is explained by the presence of chlorophyll, a green pigment (dye).
If you examine the internal structure of the leaf blade under a microscope, you can see veins 47 cut across it. Cross sections of vascular cells, sieve tubes and fibers are found in them. Thus, the veins are conductive bundles of the leaf. Strongly elongated cells with thick walls - fibers - give the sheet strength. Water and minerals dissolved in it move through the vessels. Sieve tubes, unlike vessels, are formed by living long cells. The transverse partitions between them are pierced by narrow channels and look like sieves. Solutions of organic substances move through sieve tubes from the leaves.
1. What is the cellular structure of the leaf blade?
2. What is the significance of the leaf skin?
3. What structure do the leaf pulp cells have?
4. What are stomata and where are they located?
According to its physiological role, the leaf is an organ of photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration. In leaf tissues, the transformation of inorganic substances (CO2 and H2O) into organic ones takes place. The products of photosynthesis usually do not accumulate in the leaf, but flow to other organs of the plant.
At the same time, leaves are the most plastic, evolutionarily changeable organs. Leaf specialization also went in other directions. Therefore, in plants we encounter a wide variety of leaf metamorphoses associated with changes in functions. But we'll talk about this a little later.
Due to these functions, the following fabrics are well represented in the sheet:
Leaves appear exogenously (superficially), in the form of tubercles near the growing point. It is characteristic that in a typical case, leaves do not have apical growth, but grow at the base, due to intercalary meristems, and for a limited time.
These signs, however, are not absolute.
Thus, in ferns, for example, the apical growth of their large leaves lasts a long time. wai.
The structure of the blade of a typical green leaf
In general, the skin consists of closely packed parenchyma cells with sinuous outlines. The cells of the lower epidermis are usually smaller and more convoluted.
In the upper epidermis, the cuticular layers are typically more developed, but the pubescence is confined mainly to the underside of the leaf. Here, in the lower epidermis, stomata are usually located.
True, in aquatic plants with floating leaves, the stomata are located in the upper epidermis. The upper epidermis is dominated by stomata in some plants growing on overheated rocky slopes.
The typical epidermis is single-layered. Multilayer options are usually associated with special environmental conditions (like Ficus).
Under the epidermis lies the main green chlorophyll-bearing tissue. mesophyll In most plants, chlorenchyma is differentiated into columnar (palisade) and loose (spongy) tissues. In a typical case, columnar mesophyll adjoins the upper skin and the lower one. spongy.
In many plants: anemone, reed grass, bamboos, the columnar tissue is replaced by special branched cells. At the border between the palisade and spongy tissue there are small branches of vascular bundles.
A characteristic element of many leaves are sclereids, which give the delicate leaf blades additional strength.
The structure of atypical leaves
Cereal leaves
The leaves of cereals have a special anatomical structure.
Many xerophytic cereals have a special apparatus in their skin that plays a role in the folding and unfolding of leaves. The leaf blade of such cereals is heavily ribbed. In the hollows between the ribs in the epidermis there are special vesicular cells.
Light leaves are thicker and more rigid, in addition,
Fleshy-succulent leaf succulents: aloe, crassula have a special aquifer layer in the pulp of the leaf. They are able to quickly accumulate and economically consume moisture.
An example of true xerophytes are the leaves of ficus and panceria).
1) a very powerful cuticle;
2) multilayered epidermis;
4) stomata are usually deeply hidden in special stomatal pockets.
A special group consists of shade plants (shade lovers). This group includes many representatives of the so-called taiga small grasses that form the ground cover in our dark coniferous forests: hare sorrel, adoxa nutmeg.
The structure of the shade leaves is adapted to the fullest possible use of weak, diffused light.
Leaf morphology
When morphologically studying and describing leaves, the following characteristics are taken into account:
A typical leaf is divided into a cylindrical stalk and a leaf blade; these leaves are called petiolate. The leaves have a base that sometimes extends into a sheath.
If the petiole is not expressed, as in some cereals, the leaves are called sessile.
Leaves are divided into simple and complex. If the leaf has one blade. it is called simple. If there are several blades on one petiole, the leaf is called complex.
Eucalyptus leaves - Folia Eucalipti
Eucalyptus twig - Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
Spreading. Eucalyptus is native to Australia and its surrounding islands. Cultivated on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Central Asia.
Procurement of raw materials, drying. Leaves formed in this growing season can be collected no earlier than November, when the content of cineole in the essential oil is at least 60%, and leaves that have overwintered can be collected at any time of the year. The leaves of each eucalyptus are collected separately. The collection is carried out outside populated areas with the permission of local organizations. Standing on a ladder, thin branches 70-80 cm long are cut with pruning shears or a saw. Usually, no more than 50% of the lower part of the crown is cut off. The cut branches are delivered for drying.
Standardization. The quality of eucalyptus leaves is regulated by the requirements of the State Fund XI and Amendment. No. 1.
Security measures. It is better to combine the procurement of raw materials with decorative pruning of plantings. Branches should not be broken off.
Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials Eucalyptus twig. Essential oil at least 1% (determined by methods 1 or 2 of the State Fund XI, issue 2; distillation time 1 hour); humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 5%; darkened and browned leaves no more than 3%; other parts of eucalyptus (twigs, buds, fruits) no more than 2%; organic impurities - no more than 0.5%, mineral - no more than 0.5%.
Chemical composition. Eucalyptus leaves contain essential oil, flavonoids and tannins. According to Global Fund XI, the content of essential oil for whole raw eucalyptus balls is allowed to be no less than 2.5%, for cut eucalyptus - no less than 1.5%, and for eucalyptus twigs - no less than 1%. The content of the essential oil component - cineole - must be at least 60%, and in eucalyptus rodum - at least 45%. The essential oil has the form of a highly mobile, transparent, colorless or yellowish liquid with the smell of cineole.
Pharmacological properties. Essential oil and other substances contained in the leaves (tannins, etc.) have a stimulating effect on the receptors of the mucous membranes and also have weak local anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activity.
Used topically (the original 1% alcohol solution is diluted in a ratio of 1:5 in a 0.25% novocaine solution) in the treatment of burns and trophic ulcers; 1% alcohol and 2% oil solutions are used for cervical erosion (lubrication of the cervical canal and erosion, wetting tampons inserted into the vagina); with a solution obtained by diluting 1 spoon of 1% alcohol solution in 1 liter of water, vaginal douching is performed.
It is sometimes used orally when staphylococci are carried in the intestines (5 ml of a 1% alcohol solution diluted in 30 ml of water, daily 3 times a day 40 minutes before meals). Enemas (20 ml of a 1% alcohol solution in 1 liter of water) are also prescribed for carriage of staphylococci in the intestines.
When using chlorophyllipt, allergic reactions are possible. Before treatment, it is necessary to check the patient's sensitivity to the drug; To do this, give the patient 25 drops of the drug diluted in 1 tablespoon of water. If after 6-8 hours there is no swelling of the lips, nasal mucosa, pharynx and other allergic reactions, a course of treatment with the drug can be prescribed; in the presence of allergic reactions, the drug is contraindicated.
Eucalyptus oil (Oleum Eucalypti) contains at least 60% cineole, pinene and other substances. A highly mobile transparent liquid, colorless or slightly yellowish in color, with a characteristic odor of cineole. Used as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent, for rinsing and inhalation for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (15-20 drops per glass of water).
Eucalyptus tincture (Tinctura Eucalurti). Tincture (1:5) in 70% alcohol. A transparent liquid of greenish-brown color with a peculiar odor. Prescribed orally as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, sometimes as a sedative. Take 15-30 drops orally; for rinsing - 10-15 drops per glass of water. Also used for steam inhalation.
Balm "Golden Star" (Balsamum "Stella aururia") contains eucalyptus, clove, peppermint oils, cinnamon and other substances. Stimulates sensitive nerve endings, has a distracting and some anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. For headaches and colds, rub a thin layer into the frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. For insect bites, lubricate the bite site and lightly rub in the balm. The balm should not be used if the integrity of the skin is damaged, pustular diseases, etc. Do not allow the balm to come into contact with the eyes. There is evidence of the possibility of developing adverse reactions when using the balm. Produced in Vietnam.
Numerical indicators. The content of leaves is not less than 50%, the content of rough stems with a diameter at the base of 0.6 to 1 cm is not more than 20%.
Medicines. Essential oil is obtained from raw materials.
Application. Similar to the essential oil obtained from the leaves.
§ 23. Cellular structure of the leaf blade
From the top and from the bottom sheet covered with more or less identical cells, tightly adjacent to one another. These are skin cells that cover the leaf and protect it from damage and drying out. The peel is one of the types of plant integumentary tissue.
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts is formed only in light. The chloroplasts of flowering plants are sometimes called chlorophyll grains due to their shape.
Chlorophyll can be easily extracted from leaf cells by placing the leaf in hot alcohol. The leaf will become colorless and the alcohol will turn bright green.
5. Which leaf cells contain the most chloroplasts?
Leaf structure
A typical leaf is a lateral outgrowth of the stem and consists of a petiole and a leaf blade. Unlike the stem and root, whose structure is characterized by radial symmetry, the structure of the leaf blade exhibits bilateral symmetry, that is, two-sided. The sheet has a top one. abdominal and lower. dorsal side (lat. dorsum - back, venter - belly).
In addition to these four tissues, groups of cells or individual cells may be found in the leaf. idioblasts: sclereids, laticifers, sites of waste deposition. mineral salts and other specific substances.
Some plants have leaves that are cylindrical and radially symmetrical. Examples can be found among bows and rushes.
The leaf is covered on all sides with epidermis (skin). In normal, horizontally oriented leaves, the upper and lower epidermis are distinct.
Often these two tissues are connected through special collecting (funnel-shaped) cells.
Large cells are no less characteristic of leaves. idioblasts with debris, for example, salt crystals (like cystolites in ficus). In the leaves they have a special meaning. Thus, for some halophytes, plants growing on saline substrates, the only way to remove excess salts from the body. leaf falling.
The conducting system in the leaf is represented by vascular-fibrous collateral closed bundles. The arrangement of conducting tissues is characteristic: xylem is located in the upper part of the bundles, phloem in the lower part.
It is by this feature that you can accurately determine the top and bottom of the leaf blade. All other features are changeable, for example, stomata can be located on top, etc.
The epidermis of cereals is powerfully developed; the outer cell walls are often encrusted with silica.
The stomata of cereals are very peculiar. The guard cells look like rectangles with rounded ends. The middle part of each of the guard cells is very thick-walled, while the terminal sections are. thin-walled. There are also bubble-like swellings here. As turgor increases, they increase in size and the stomatal fissure moves apart.
Stomata in cereals are usually located in longitudinal rows on both sides of the leaf.
The mesophyll of cereals is also structured in a very unique way. There is no typical palisade and spongy chlorenchyma. In many cereals, assimilation tissue is located around vascular bundles in the form of a lining of tightly closed, elongated cells.
In some cereals, the cells of the assimilation tissue have folded walls.
Light and shadow leaves
In trees and shrubs, leaves that are exposed to more favorable lighting conditions are anatomically and morphologically different from leaves that are heavily shaded.
- skin cells have less wavy outlines and are thicker-walled;
- the number of stomata per unit of leaf surface is more significant;
- nature of leaf arrangement; leaf position on the stem;
- degree of dissection of the leaf blade;
- leaf base shape;
- character of the leaf edge;
- types of leaf venation.
Leaves of xerophytes and succulents The leaves of plants that have adapted to endure long dry periods—xerophytes—that live in conditions of moisture deficiency have a very unique structure.
True, plants have adapted to this in different ways.
Such plants have:
3) often dead white branched hairs develop on the surface of the epidermis, which well reflect the sun's rays and protect plants from overheating;
Leaves of shade lovers
Many shade plants belong to the hygrophyte group. Hygrophytes live in conditions of constant air and soil humidity. These are the conditions that arise under the canopy of a dense dark coniferous forest.
The assimilation fabric has a small thickness. In such plants, even the epidermis is often rich in chlorophyll. In some tropical begonias, the palisade cells are cone-shaped and act like lenses, focusing light rays.
All these examples once again confirm the enormous plasticity of leaves.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus globulus - Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Ash eucalyptus (gray) - Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. et Benth.
Myrtle family - Myrtaceae
Botanical characteristics. Eucalyptus trees are evergreen, tall, fast-growing trees with smooth bark. In Eucalyptus globulus, the periderm peels off and hangs in long ribbons. This species reaches a height of 45 m. Due to the ability to absorb huge amounts of moisture and release it into the air, as well as the property of the petioles to turn the leaves with their edges towards the sun, eucalyptus trees are pump trees and soil dryers. Eucalyptus globulus leaves have heterophyly. Young leaves are opposite, soft, covered with a layer of wax, bluish in color, ovate-heart-shaped. Old leaves have a characteristic appearance - they are leathery, short-petioled, alternate, often sickle-shaped, located perpendicular to the ground, so the trees provide little shade. The flowers are large, with a large number of stamens and an inconspicuous corolla. The fruit is a capsule with small seeds. Other types of eucalyptus (ash and twig-shaped) are distinguished by thicker, non-falling bark, shorter tree height, and greater frost resistance. It blooms in autumn in the 3-5th year of life. The seeds ripen in 1-2 years. Eucalyptus rodum is the most common species.
Habitat. Plants are light-loving. They mainly grow on fertilized fertile soil. They propagate by seeds, which are germinated in greenhouses. Trees damaged by frost or cut down quickly regenerate with growth.
At the drying site, the leaves are separated from the stems and dried on racks, scattered in a layer up to 10 cm thick, in rooms with good ventilation; The leaves are stirred periodically. Heat drying is possible at a temperature not exceeding 40°C.
External signs. The raw material consists of a mixture of leaves collected from old and young branches of cultivated trees and shrubs. According to GF XI, the old leaves of eucalyptus globulus are petiolate, broadly lanceolate or elongated-lanceolate in shape, mostly sickle-shaped, thick, leathery, gray-green in color, 10-30 cm long, 3-4 cm wide. Young leaves are petiolate, soft, ovoid, with a heart-shaped base. Gray or ash eucalyptus leaves are collected from old branches. They are short-petiolate, lanceolate, with a pointed apex, 5-10 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, gray, with a waxy coating. The leaves of young branches are broadly ovate or rounded, pointed at the apex, petiolate; length and width within 2.5-7.5 cm. All leaves are bare, entire. On the leaves, in passing bright light, translucent dots (containers with essential oil) are visible. The smell is aromatic, the taste is spicy-bitter. The leaves of eucalyptus are narrow-lanceolate and sickle-shaped, with sharp ends. The quality of raw materials is reduced by the presence of browned leaves, other parts of the plant, organic and mineral impurities. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by external signs and microscopically. Under a microscope, containers with essential oil are clearly visible. The palisade part is located on both sides of the leaf in 3-4 rows, a small space in the center of the leaf is occupied by spongy parenchyma. There are many druses scattered throughout the pulp. There are no hairs, the vein has a crystalline lining, and the epidermal cells on both sides of the leaf are covered with a thick cuticle.
Microscopy. Determining the authenticity of whole raw materials is not difficult. Epidermal cells are polygonal on the surface with a tubercle in the center. Brown corky spots are visible in surface preparations. For crushed raw materials, during microscopic examination, cross sections are made from pieces with large veins. The leaf is isolateral. The main vein has a crystalline lining; calcium oxalate druses are found in the mesophyll. Essential oil containers are large, round or oval, immersed in mesophyll.
For crushed raw materials essential oil content not less than 0.8%; In addition to the indicated indicators, the content of particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm (no more than 10%) and particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm (no more than 10%) is also regulated.
Standardization. The quality of raw materials of other types of eucalyptus is regulated by the State Fund of X, and the quality of shoots of eucalyptus twigs is regulated by VFS 42-1947-89.
Storage. In a dry place, in a well-sealed container. The cut leaf is stored in multilayer bags according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, eucalyptus oil - in well-closed bottles. The content of essential oil in raw materials is checked annually.
Medicines. Cut leaves in a package of 100 g, decoction, tincture, briquettes, eucalyptus oil, Chlorophyllipt preparations (1% alcohol solution, used topically and orally; 2% solution in oil, used topically; 0.25% solution in ampoules, used intravenously), "Inhalipt", "Ingacamf". "Efkamon" ointment, "Golden Star" balm, "Pectusin" tablets. "Eucalimin" (0.25% and 1% alcohol solution).
Application. Decoction and infusion of eucalyptus and eucalyptus oil are used as antiseptics for rinsing and inhalation for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, as well as for the treatment of fresh and infected wounds, inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs (lotions, rinses).
Chlorophylliptum is a preparation containing a mixture of chlorophylls from eucalyptus leaves. It is an amorphous green powder. The drug has strong antibacterial activity.
It is also proposed for intravenous use in septic conditions and pneumonia. Inject intravenously (slowly!) 2 ml of 0.25% solution diluted in 38 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution 4 times a day for 4-5 days. Sometimes used for infections caused by staphylococci that are resistant to antibiotics. The prepared 0.25% solution should be carefully checked; it should be transparent (without turbidity, sediment, etc.), which is diluted ex tempore.
In complex therapy of acute lung abscesses, 8-10 ml of 0.25% chlorophyllipt solution diluted in 150 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution are administered intravenously (drip) 2 times a day. For peritonitis and empyema, chlorophyllipt is administered into the cavity through a drainage tube for 5-6 days. Ex temperature is diluted with a 0.25% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt with a 0.25% solution of novocaine in a ratio of 1:20.
Harvested from cultivated trees (during the period October-April): Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. ashy - E. cinerea F. Muell and spherical E. globulus Labill (myrtle family - Myrtaceae).
Medicinal raw materials. The length of the shoots is no more than 1 m with a stem diameter at the base of up to 0.5 cm. On annual shoots, the leaves are sessile, stem-embracing, and short-petioled. The leaf blade is thin, ovoid, heart-shaped and broadly lanceolate, with a rounded (eucalyptus twig-shaped) or heart-shaped (eucalyptus ash and ball) base and a rounded or pointed apex from 3 to 16 cm long and 1.5 to 9 cm wide. The smell is fragrant. The taste is spicy-bitter.
Storage. Same as leaves. The shelf life of raw materials from the moment of procurement is 24 hours.
External leaf structure
A leaf is the side part of a shoot. The leaf consists of a petiole and a leaf blade. Unlike the stem and root, the leaf of most plants has limited growth, that is, once it reaches a certain size, it no longer grows.
The leaf blade of most plants is attached to the stem node by an elastic rod-shaped part - the petiole. The petiole positions the leaf blade in space so that it catches more sunlight.
In different plant species, leaf blades differ in shape and structural features. In some plants the edge of the leaf blade is smooth (for example, lilac, lily of the valley); for others, it has cutouts of a certain shape (for example, maple, viburnum).
A leaf with a petiole is called petiolate, and without it is called sessile (for example, in corn, wheat). Sessile leaves are connected to the stem by the base of the leaf blade. In some plants (in cereals), the lower expanded part of the leaf blade covers the stem in the form of a tube or groove. This is the leaf sheath, protecting it from damage.
In addition to the blade and petiole, the leaves of many plants have special outgrowths - stipules. They can take the form of small leaves, films, spines, scales arranged in pairs and perform a predominantly protective function (for example, acacia spines).
The leaves are simple and compound. Depending on the number of leaf blades on the petiole, simple and compound leaves are distinguished.
A simple leaf consists of a petiole and one leaf blade. During leaf fall it completely disappears. A compound leaf has several leaf blades located on a common petiole. Each blade of a complex leaf, which can fall off on its own during leaf fall, is called a leaflet.
Look at Figure 80, which shows different types of compound leaves. Trifoliate leaves have only three leaflets, which with their short petioles are attached to a common petiole (for example, in clover). Palmate false leaves have a similar structure, but the number of leaflets exceeds three (for example, horse chestnut). In pinnately compound leaves, individual leaflets are arranged in pairs along a common petiole. In paired pinnate leaves, the apex of the common petiole ends in a pair of leaflets (for example, caragana, pea), and in odd pinnate leaves - in one (for example, rose hip, rowan).
Leaf sizes range from a few millimeters to 10-20 m. Palm trees, bananas, and burdock have especially large leaves. The tropical aquatic plant Victoria Amazonica (a relative of our water lily) has floating leaves up to 2 m in diameter.
Leaf venation. The leaf blade has veins. They extend from the leaf petiole and can branch in its blade. Veins are vascular-fibrous bundles that connect the leaf to the stem. They consist of conductive and mechanical tissues.
The arrangement of veins in the leaf blade is called venation. There are reticulate, parallel and arc venation. With reticulate venation, the veins, branching repeatedly, form a more or less dense network (for example, in oak, apple, lilac, raven's eye).
In many plants, several identical veins piercing the leaf blade from the base to the apex do not branch. In some cases they are located almost parallel to each other. This type of venation is called parallel (for example, in wheat, rye, corn). If the veins are curved (for example, in a tulip, lily of the valley, plantain), then such venation is called arcuate.
Venation is an important systematic feature of plants.
Leaf arrangement is a certain order in which the leaves are arranged on the stem. The most common are three types of leaf arrangement: alternate (spiral), opposite and whorled (ringed).
With an alternate, or spiral, leaf arrangement, only one leaf leaves a node (for example, in an apple tree, rose hip, wheat). In this case, the leaves are sequentially arranged on the stem, one relative to the other in a spiral. With an opposite leaf arrangement, a node contains two leaves located opposite each other (for example, mint, sage). When more than two leaves extend from a node, this leaf arrangement is called whorled or ringed (as in oleander, raven's eye, elodea).
On the plant, the leaf blades are arranged in such a way as to shade each other as little as possible. This arrangement of leaves is called leaf mosaic. Leaf mosaic allows you to make maximum use of light due to the different sizes of the leaf blade and the unequal length of the petioles.
Sometimes the leaf blade of simple leaves has deep notches that reach to the central vein or base of the leaf. How can such simple leaves be distinguished from complex ones?
- Spreading
- Botanical description
- Peculiarities
- Benefits and Applications
- Healing properties
- Construction materials
Among the various exotic tree species, eucalyptus trees are among the most interesting and famous in the whole world. Many consider them capable of growing exclusively in Australia and New Zealand, which is close to this continent, but some species also thrive well in the warm climate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.
The genus of eucalyptus is very extensive, includes numerous varieties of evergreen hard-leaved trees and shrubs and belongs to the myrtle family. In Russia, they are often called gum trees because of the characteristic swells on the bark, or shameless trees for the ability of trees to shed bark. The scientific name eucalyptus - hiding - was given to the plant genus because of the flower buds hidden by the sepals.
Spreading
Eucalyptus trees are giant plants. Many of them reach the size of a skyscraper during their lives; the tallest tree in the world is considered to be in the forests of Tasmania: its height is 101 m - several times higher than that of many recognized giants. However, this is not the limit; biologists have unconfirmed verbal descriptions of giants 150 m high.
The homeland of most species - several hundred - is considered to be Australia and the nearby islands, where these myrtaceae make up almost 90% of all forests and groves. Some varieties are found in the tropics and subtropics of Southern France, Portugal, Greece, India, Southern China, Malaysia, Israel, Crimea and other regions with a warm and humid climate; they prefer well-lit areas. Eucalyptus trees grow on nutritious, slightly acidic or neutral soils, but many adapt to sandstones, podzolic soils and loams. They tolerate short-term flooding well.
Species found in mountainous areas are frost-resistant, but many are still afraid of cold weather and quickly die at sub-zero temperatures.
“Trees” over 50 m tall are far from uncommon among eucalyptus trees. Based on the appearance and structure of the bark, several types of trees are distinguished: smooth-barked, iron-barked, scaly-barked, fibrous-barked, and peppermint. During the process of growth, the bark of many of them falls off the trunks in pieces or whole layers, exposing deeper layers. In this property, eucalyptus is similar to sycamore, which also sheds sections of bark. The color of the surface of the bark of one tree can change over the years; the trunk often combines bright green, yellow, red and purple areas. A clear example of such multicoloredness is y, growing in the tropical Philippines and Indonesia.
Botanical description
Tree trunks can be straight or curved, with many branches. Very often their surface is covered with gum - viscous compounds of mono- and polysaccharides. The branches form tent-shaped, round, pyramidal or cylindrical crowns. The root system of myrtle plants is powerful, developed, and capable of penetrating to great depths.
Eucalyptus leaves are opposite or alternate, covered with a waxy coating, and have several stages of development. Young ones are more tender, relatively small, heart-shaped or round, gradually shed. Transitional ones thicken, increase in size, change color. Adults often become elongated lanceolate in shape, sometimes curved in the shape of sickles, rough, pointed at the ends, silvery-green or bluish. The eucalyptus tree, despite its dense crown, provides almost no shade, since its leaf blades are located in the same plane with the branches, not forming barriers to sunlight. The intercellular glands of the leaves contain essential oil..
In Australia, a beautiful marsupial animal, the koala, lives in the branches of trees. Leaves are the only food for it, which is noteworthy, because fresh greens contain many toxic substances, including hydrocyanic acid.
Eucalyptus trees bloom in different seasons depending on the species at the age of 2–10 years. From the period of swelling of the buds to the ripening of fruits on the branches, it can take from several months to several years. The flowers are small, white, yellow, orange, pink or bright red, collected in thyroid, panicle-shaped inflorescences or axillary umbels, bisexual (with a stamen and pistil). Different species growing nearby cross-pollinate, resulting in hybrids germinating. The fruits are smooth or grooved, cone-shaped or round capsules with a large number of small seeds. Their weight is microscopically small: 1000 pieces are only 1–2 g.
Peculiarities
A characteristic feature of eucalyptus trees is their extremely rapid growth: many species reach a height of 10 m during the first three years of life, and in the next few years they can grow to the size of a 15-story building. Adult eucalyptus trees below 30 m are rarely found. At the same time, the diameter of the trunks remains relatively thin - about 30 cm. A noticeable increase in thickness begins in trees from 15–20 years of age, and the growth in height slows down. Adult and old specimens can reach several meters in trunk cross-section.
The great resilience of eucalyptus trees is also known: in case of serious damage or even after burning in fires, the trees quickly recover, growing new shoots within a few months.
The unique features of eucalyptus trees and their decorative qualities make these trees attractive in the eyes of florists and landscape designers, and the ability to form hybrid varieties and rapid growth force biologists and breeders to develop new forms that are resistant to various natural conditions. Species such as cineria and populus (poplar) have compact sizes and can be grown as indoor plants, and their beautiful picturesque branches with silver-green or bluish foliage can serve as material for making holiday bouquets.
Given the ability of eucalyptus trees to grow rapidly, their cultivation is practiced using seeds and vegetatively. Under favorable conditions, greenhouse embryos sprout within 5 days. Tree cuttings can be transferred directly to open ground.
Benefits and Applications
Eucalyptus trees are often planted in swampy areas for drainage purposes, as it is believed that their powerful roots act as pumps that absorb water. In addition, these trees are able to prevent soil erosion and weathering, and strengthen the steep slopes of ravines.
Healing properties
The essential oil contained in eucalyptus leaves is highly valued in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetology and folk medicine. The greenery of the spherical tree is most saturated with it. A viscous, slightly greenish or colorless liquid with a pungent odor reminiscent of menthol, it is widely known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The therapeutic effect is due to the presence of cineole, phytoncides, tannins and organic acids in its composition. Based on eucalyptus ether, remedies are created to relieve the symptoms of radiculitis, neuralgia, joint diseases, to get rid of fever, to treat bruises, ailments of the upper respiratory tract, ARVI, cough, rhinitis, inflammation of the gums, to relieve pain from stinging insect bites.
Scratches, wounds and skin ulcers are washed with an infusion of leaves; it is used for compresses for dermatitis and eczema.
Eucalyptus oil is added to shampoos, toothpastes, lotions, and balms. Its pleasant pungent aroma gives strength and vigor, repels blood-sucking mosquitoes and mosquitoes. Bath brooms made from thin eucalyptus branches are especially valued - in a hot, humid environment, the released ether vapors perfectly cleanse the mucous membranes and skin.
Construction materials
Eucalyptus wood is a soundwood species; its sapwood is usually very narrow and is not widely used. Trees reach technical maturity by 20–25 years. The natural color of lumber, depending on the type, is white, pink, gray, brown, light red or almost burgundy. Over time, fresh timber darkens when exposed to air and sunlight. The vessels of the rock mass are scattered and small. Eucalyptus is very capricious: it is susceptible to cracking and warping, and dries out greatly, but pre-treated wood is highly durable and stable. varies from 700 to 900 kg/m³ and is comparable to.
Solid fibers can be straight-layered, with tangled or wavy curls, which can create certain difficulties in processing with tools. The material cuts and bends well, the surface holds paints, polishes and glue. Various impregnations penetrate into depth with difficulty due to the high density, but this is compensated by good biostability. Eucalyptus is almost not damaged and is very resistant to damage.
Widespread distribution and rapid growth make eucalyptus wood accessible to various industries; it is not considered an expensive variety. The main industries using these raw materials include: paper, fuel, shipbuilding and engineering. Eucalyptus is used to make construction beams, erect technical buildings, fences, and hydraulic structures. This is an excellent material for making furniture, floor coverings, wall partitions, window frames, doors, and decoration items.
High strength, the presence of an interesting natural pattern in wood, and susceptibility to coating with varnishes and paints make it possible to use eucalyptus for the manufacture of various decorative items, toys, and souvenirs.
In Russia, eucalyptus wood remains in little demand due to its exotic nature; the price of 1 m³ of lumber is about 100,000 rubles.
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Rice. 5.9. Eucalyptus globulus - Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Eucalyptus leaves-folia eucalypti
Eucalyptus leaves- folia eucalypti viminalis
Eucalyptus oil- oleum eucalyrti
— Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
— Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Ash eucalyptus(E. grey) - Eucalyptus cinerea F. Miell ex Benth.
Sem. myrtaceae- Myrtaceae.
Eucalyptus- evergreen, tall, fast-growing trees with smooth bark. In Eucalyptus globulus, the periderm peels off and hangs in long ribbons. This species reaches a height of 45 m, the other two species are much lower. Due to the ability to absorb huge amounts of moisture and release it into the air, as well as the property of the petioles to turn the leaves edge-on towards the sun, eucalyptus trees are pump trees and soil dryers. Eucalyptus trees are characterized by heterophyly.
Young leaves opposite, soft, covered with a layer of wax, gray in color, ovoid in shape.
Mature leaves leathery, short-petiolate, alternate, lanceolate, often sickle-shaped, located perpendicular to the ground, so the trees provide little shade. The flowers are large, with a large number of stamens and an inconspicuous corolla. The fruit is a capsule with small seeds (Fig. 5.9). They bloom in autumn at the 3-5th year of life. The seeds ripen in 1-2 years.
Eucalyptus composition
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Chemical composition of eucalyptus
Eucalyptus leaves contain
- essential oil,
- flavonoids,
- tannins,
- phenolic aldehydes (euglobal).
In addition to cineole found
- pinene,
- myrtenol,
- pinocarvone,
- globulon,
- as well as aliphatic aldehydes - isovaleric, nylon, caprylic.
Properties and uses of eucalyptus and eucalyptus oil
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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent.
Pharmacological properties of eucalyptus
Essential oil and other substances contained in eucalyptus leaves have
- stimulating effect on mucous membrane receptors,
- also have local anti-inflammatory and
- antiseptic activity.
Applications of eucalyptus
Eucalyptus preparations and eucalyptus oil are used as antiseptics for
- rinses and inhalations for diseases of the upper respiratory tract,
- as well as for the treatment of fresh and infected wounds.
« Chlorophyllipt"- a preparation containing a mixture of phenolic compounds and chlorophylls from the leaves of eucalyptus globulus, has strong antibacterial activity.
Eucalyptus oil used as
- antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent, for rinsing and inhalation for inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
- Stimulates sensory nerve endings
- has a distracting and some anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.
Spreading
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Spreading. Eucalyptus is native to Australia and its surrounding islands. They are cultivated on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in Azerbaijan and Central Asia. Eucalyptus twig is cultivated on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory, in Western Georgia and Azerbaijan. This is the most common and very frost-resistant species.
Habitat. Plants are light-loving. They mainly grow in fertilized, fertile soil. They propagate by seeds, which are germinated in greenhouses. Trees damaged by frost or cut down quickly regenerate with growth.
Procurement and storage of raw materials
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Preparation. Leaves formed in this growing season can be collected no earlier than November, when the content of cineole in the essential oil is at least 60%, and leaves that have wintered can be harvested at any time of the year, but the best raw materials are obtained during autumn collection. The leaves of each type of eucalyptus are collected separately.
Preparation of shoots. Harvested from cultivated trees (October - April).
Security measures. The collection is carried out outside populated areas with the permission of local organizations. It is better to combine the procurement of raw materials with decorative pruning of plantings. Typically, no more than 50% of the lower part of the crown is cut off. Branches should not be broken off.
Drying. Outdoors or in rooms with good ventilation, spreading in a layer up to 10 cm thick and stirring occasionally. Heat drying is possible at a temperature not exceeding 40 ºС.
Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 15 and Change No. 1 (eucalyptus twig leaves); GF X, art. 278 (eucalyptus leaves); VFS 42-1957-89 (shoots of Eucalyptus twig).
Storage. In a dry room, in a well-sealed container according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials. Cut raw materials are stored in multi-layer bags, eucalyptus oil - in well-closed bottles. The content of essential oil in raw materials is checked annually.
External signs of raw materials
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Whole raw materials
Rice. 5.10. Eucalyptus twig: 1 – leaves on a young shoot; 2 – mature leaves.Leaves Eucalyptus rodata are a mixture of two types of leaves:
- leaves of old branches are petiolate, from narrowly lanceolate to crescent-shaped, pointed, dense, 4-27 cm long, 0.5-5 cm wide;
- leaves of young branches are sessile, with a rounded base or with a short petiole, elongated-ovate, pointed at the apex, 3.5-11 cm long, 0.7-4 cm wide (Fig. 5.10).
There are leaves that have a transitional shape from elongated ovate to lanceolate.
The leaves are glabrous, with a whole, smooth or wavy edge and numerous dots that are visible in passing bright light (containers with essential oil).
Leaf color from light green to grayish green, sometimes with a purple tint and a faint bluish tint.
Smell aromatic, intensifying when rubbed.
Taste spicy-bitter.
Escapes no more than 1 m long, with a stem diameter at the base of up to 0.5 cm.
Crushed raw materials
Pieces of leaves of various shapes passing through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter.
Color from light green to grayish green, sometimes with a purple tint.
Smell fragrant.
Taste spicy-bitter.
Ash eucalyptus
Ash eucalyptus has juvenile leaves that are broadly ovate and without a petiole; adults are lanceolate, short-petioled.
The color of the leaves is bluish due to a waxy coating.
Eucalyptus globulus has juvenile leaves that are soft, often stem-encompassing, ovate with a heart-shaped base or broadly lanceolate; adult leaves are dense, short-petiolate, lanceolate, crescent-shaped, dark green.
Microscopy of raw materials
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The epidermal cells of leaves of both old and young branches are polygonal on the surface, with light gray spots (tubercles) visible in the center of them.
Rice. 5.11. Microscopy of a Eucalyptus leaf (cross section):1 – epidermis; 2 – palisade fabric; 3 – spongy tissue; 4 – conductive bundle; 5 – collenchyma; 6 – stomata; 7 – essential oil container; 8 – cork stain
On a cross section of a leaf (Fig. 5.11), the epidermal cells are more or less equilateral with greatly thickened outer walls and a thick layer of cuticle protruding in the form of tubercles; stomata are immersed in the mesophyll of the leaf. Leaves are isolateral. In the leaves of young branches, the palisade tissue consists of two, rarely three rows of cells; spongy tissue and intercellular spaces are well defined. In the leaves of old branches, the palisade tissue is represented by three, less often four rows of cells, the cells of the spongy tissue are not clearly expressed. The main vein of the leaves of both old and young branches has a crystalline lining; calcium oxalate druses are found. Essential oil containers are schizolysigenic, large, round or oval in shape, immersed in mesophyll and often occupy more than half the thickness of the leaf; Inside them, 1-2 layers of excretory cells are noticeable.
Numerical indicators of raw materials
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Whole raw materials
- Essential oil not less than 1%;
- humidity no more than 14%;
- total ash no more than 5%;
- darkened and browned leaves no more than 3%;
- other parts of eucalyptus (twigs, buds, fruits) no more than 2%;
Crushed raw materials
- Essential oil not less than 0.8%;
- humidity no more than 14%;
- total ash no more than 5%;
- darkened and browned pieces of leaves no more than 3%;
- other parts of eucalyptus (buds, fruits, pieces of twigs) no more than 2%;
- particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, no more than 5%;
- particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%;
- organic impurity no more than 0.5%;
- mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.
Numerical indicators of raw materials from shoots
- Leaves at least 50%;
- rough stems with a diameter at the base from 0.6 to 1 cm no more than 20%;
- organic impurity no more than 0.5%;
- mineral impurity no more than 0.5%;
- moisture no more than 55%;
- essential oil not less than 0.35%.
Medicines based on eucalyptus
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- Eucalyptus leaves, crushed raw materials. Antiseptic.
- Contains collections (collection for inhalation No. 2; antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory collection “Elekasol”).
- Eucalyptus tincture (tincture (1:5) in 70% ethanol). Antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Eucalyptus oil. Antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Eucalyptus tincture and oil are included in complex medicinal preparations (Eucatol, Ingalipt, Ingacamf, Pectusin, Efkamon, etc.).
- Chlorophyllipt, alcohol solution 0.25% and 1%; solution in oil 2% (the sum of phenolic compounds and chlorophylls from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus). Antibacterial agent.
- Eucalymin, alcohol solution 0.25% and 1%; powder; rectal and vaginal suppositories (purified sum of terpenoid phenolic aldehydes (euglobals) and triterpenoids from the leaves and shoots of Eucalyptus rodum). Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory agent.
Eucalyptus- evergreen, tall, fast-growing trees with smooth bark. In Eucalyptus globulus, the periderm peels off and hangs in long ribbons. This species reaches a height of 45 m. Due to the ability to absorb huge amounts of moisture and release it into the air, as well as the property of the petioles to turn the leaves with their edges towards the sun, eucalyptus trees are pump trees and soil dryers. Eucalyptus globulus leaves have heterophyly. Young leaves are opposite, soft, covered with a layer of wax, bluish in color, ovate-heart-shaped. Old leaves have a characteristic appearance - they are leathery, short-petioled, alternate, often crescent-shaped, located perpendicular to the ground, so the trees provide little shade. The flowers are large, with a large number of stamens and an inconspicuous corolla. Fruit - capsulesmall seeds. Other types of eucalyptus (ash andtwig-shaped) are distinguished by thicker, non-shedding bark, shorter tree height, and greater frost resistance. It blooms in autumn in the 3rd - 5th year of life. The seeds ripen in 1 - 2 years. Eucalyptus rodum is the most common species.
Spreading
Eucalyptus is native to Australia andadjacent islands. Cultivated on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Habitat
Plants are light-loving. They mainly grow on fertilized fertile soil. They propagate by seeds, which are germinated in greenhouses. Trees damaged by frost or cut down quickly regenerate with growth.
Blank
Young leaves are collected in the fall, the rest can be prepared all year round, but the best raw materials are obtained during the autumn harvest. Portable ladders and hooks are used to collect leaves.
Security measures
It is better to combine the procurement of raw materials with decorative pruning of plantings. Branches should not be broken off.
Drying
On open air.
External signs. The raw material consists of a mixture of leaves collected from old and young branches of cultivated trees and shrubs. According to GF XI, the old leaves of eucalyptus globulus are petiolate, broadly lanceolate or elongated-lanceolate in shape, mostly sickle-shaped, thick, leathery, gray-green in color, 10 - 30 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide. Young leaves are petiolate, soft, ovoid, with a heart-shaped base. Gray or ash eucalyptus leaves are collected from old branches. They are short-petiolate, lanceolate, with a pointed apex, 5–10 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, glaucous, with a waxy coating. The leaves of young branches are broadly ovate or rounded, pointed at the apex, petiolate; length and width range from 2.5 to 7.5 cm. All leaves are bare, entire. On the leaves, in passing bright light, translucent dots (containers with essential oil) are visible. The smell is fragrant. The taste is spicy-bitter.. Eucalyptus leaves are narrow-lanceolate and crescent-shaped, with sharp ends. The quality of the raw material is reduced by the presence of browned leaves, other parts of the plant, organic and mineral impurities. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by external signs and microscopically. Under a microscope, containers with essential oil are clearly visible. The palisade part is located on both sides of the leaf in 3-4 rows, a small space in the center of the leaf is occupied by spongy parenchyma. There are many drusen scattered in the softness. There are no hairs, the vein has a crystalline lining, and the epidermal cells on both sides of the leaf are covered with a thick cuticle.
Chemical composition
Eucalyptus leaves contain essential oil, flavonoids and tannins. According to GF XI, the content of essential oil for whole raw eucalyptus balls is allowed to be no less than 2.5%, for cut eucalyptus - no less than 1.5%, and for eucalyptus rodum - no less than 1%. The content of the essential oil component - cineole - must be no less than 60%, and in eucalyptus rodum - no less than 45%. The essential oil has the form of an easily mobile, transparent, colorless or yellowish liquid with the smell of cineole.
Storage
In a dry place, in a well-sealed container. The cut leaf is stored in multilayer bags according to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, eucalyptus oil - in well-closed bottles. The content of essential oil in raw materials is checked annually.
Usage
Whole eucalyptus leaves are used in pharmacies to prepare decoctions. Essential oils and medicines are produced in pharmaceutical factories. The annual demand for essential oil is tens of tons. The oil is widely used as a tonic and air freshener. Eucalyptus bark can serve as tanning raw material. Eucalyptus trees provide valuable timber and are widely used as an ornamental plant. Over 30 species are cultivated in the country.
Medicines
Cut leaves in 100 g packages, decoction, tincture, briquettes, eucalyptus oil, preparations “Chlorophyllipt”, “Inhalipt”.
Application
As an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic agent, which is determined by essential oil and polyphenolic compounds, it is prescribed for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, externally - for lotions and rinses, treatment of festering wounds, for inhalations. “Chlorophyllipt (1% alcohol solution and in ampoules). - a strong antibacterial agent (contains a mixture of chlorophylls contained in the leaves).
Essential oil is included in many preparations (eucamone, eucatol, ingalipt, pectussin). "Ingacamf" is a pocket inhaler.
“Pharmacognosy” M. A. Kuznetsova, I. B. Rybachuk. Publishing house "Medicine". Moscow, 1993.