What is threonine? How to properly use Threonine for alcoholism? For impaired renal function
Threonine for the liver and nerves. In the family of essential acids, which our body cannot synthesize independently and must obtain from food, it is less known than othersthreonine . Although it is written about less frequently than leucine or valine, the role of this compound in the body is very significant. It's time to restore justice and tell about uniqueproperties of threonine . Like the substances mentioned above, it is necessary for protein synthesis, and therefore is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. Therebythreonine participates in the construction of muscle tissue, which makes it important for athletes. This substance is also necessary for the functioning of many internal organs. In our article we will tell you howessential amino acid threonine is beneficial for the liver , nerves and heart.
in optimal natural form and dosage is found in beekeeping products - such as pollen, royal jelly and drone brood, which are part of many natural vitamin and mineral complexes of the Parapharm company: Leveton P, Elton P, Leveton Forte ", "Apitonus P", "Osteomed", "Osteo-Vit", "Eromax", "Memo-Vit" and "Cardioton". That is why we pay so much attention to each natural substance, talking about its importance and benefits for a healthy body.
Where is the amino acid found?
threonine
Usefulamino acid threonine contained in the body of most known animals except for some birds. There is a lot of it in the blood plasma of infants, which indicates the strong protective properties of this substance. It is part of many proteins, such as pepsin, gliadin, fibrin and others.
The highest concentration in the human bodythreonine in nerve cells, heart, skeletal muscles,liver . This substance exists in the form of four isomers:L -threonine, D— threonine , L-allotreonine,D-allotreonine. Only the first of them is present in the human body, so it has found application in the pharmaceutical industry.
This substance has many useful functions, and science is constantly discovering new usefulproperties of threonine . It has been established that this amino acid is responsible for the breakdown of fats and fatty acids. This function is relatedthreonine with anotheressential amino acid – methionine. Note that these substances are hepatoprotectors: they help protect the liver.
The Latin name of the compound istreoninum. Its melting point is 256 degrees Celsius. In its pure form it is a white crystalline powder, odorless. It is included in various medicines and food supplements - together with lysine and methionine. Available in tablets and ampoules.
History of the discovery of amino acids
threonine
Firstthreonine was obtained in 1925 by scientists S. Shriver and H. Buston, who synthesized it from oat protein. Ten years later, the chemist William Cumming Rose also managed to obtainthreonine This scientist is better known because he worked a lot with other amino acids, for example, arginine.
Just a few decades after the discovery of the amino acid, its industrial production began. Today, over 160 thousand tons of this substance are produced in the world. These are mainly medicines, food additives and livestock feed.
Numerous studies have been conducted of this compound, during which its beneficial properties were discovered. So in 1992, a group of patients with multiple sclerosis was studied. Drug therapythreonine had an effect - muscle spasticity decreased in patients. The daily dosage was then 7.5 g. In another study, this amino acid was given to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In those subjects who took the drug, a deterioration in lung function was noticed. But it is still impossible to say for sure that this was influenced precisely bythreonine , since larger studies are needed.
An important property of threonine is
fat processing
It has been proven thatthreonine performs a number of important functions in the body. For example, many enzymes simply will not be produced without it. In particular, it is involved in the biosynthesis of such an important amino acid for athletes as isoleucine. Alsothreonine is one of the main components for the production of purines in the body. It also promotes energy metabolism in muscle cells. Other useful thingsproperty of threonine (essential amino acid) - helpliver Vfat processing . Thanks to this function, lipids do not accumulate in liver cells, which ultimately prolongs the health of the entire body. In addition, the amino acid supports the functioning of the nervous system. It is no coincidence that the brain and spinal cord containthreonine in large quantities.
Because of these uniqueproperties of threonine used to treat patients with alcoholism. The amino acid is also involved in tissue growth processes and helps remove toxins. Other properties cannot be ignoredthreonine .
- Important for the proper functioning of metabolic processes.
- Strengthens bones and tooth enamel.
- Normalizes the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Together with lysine, cystine, alanine and asparagine, it participates in the formation of antibodies and immunoglobulins necessary for the functioning of the immune system.
- Regulates the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain.
- Essential for the creation of serine and glycine, which form collagen, elastin and muscle tissue.
- Part of various enzymes.
- Affects the functioning of the thymus gland, one of the main organs of the immune system.
- Has an antiulcer effect.
- Helps absorb many other substances.
Application of amino acid
in medicine
Application of amino acids in medicine quite broad: she is part of drugs for treating the consequences of alcoholism, drug addiction, and substance abuse. In particular,threonine relieves withdrawal symptoms well. This substance is often included in nootropic drugs and nutritional supplements, along with lysine and methionine. Experts note that the greatest effect comes from taking the compound together with other amino acids.So, the essential amino acid threonine applies in the following cases:
- depression;
- convulsions;
- multiple and atrophic sclerosis;
- injuries and operations (heals wounds well);
- to strengthen muscle and connective tissue;
- to stimulate the heart muscle;
- fatty liver (fatty hepatosis);
In addition, it is used in preparations that are used asparenteral nutrition (intravenous administration of substances).Helps with burns, inflammatory bowel diseases, peritonitis, sepsis, multiple organ failure. AlsoL -threonine effective in reducing mental performance and concentration. An excellent remedy for severe exhaustion (cachexia).
Amino acid in sports:
threonine for bodybuilding
It has been established that during active physical work the need forthreonine increases sharply. Due to its numerous properties, thisamino acid in sports found a use. It is most important for sports such as weightlifting and powerlifting. Besides this it is usefulthreonine for bodybuilding . Therefore, athletes maintain the amount of amino acid in the body at the same level. For this purpose, you can use regular products or sports products.nutritional supplements.
Bodybuilders use it in its pure formL -threonine to support muscles and the cardiovascular system during training. But more often this substance is used by athletes as part of amino acid complexes.
Application in agriculture:
threonine feed
This The amino acid promotes weight gain in animals, helping enhanced growth. Therefore, a food additive for livestock appeared -threonine feed . It has an effect on the development of skeletal muscles and strengthens the immune system. It has the greatest effect in pig farming, where it is especially important to prevent an increase in fat mass. Important for poultry farming - it helps chickens grow at the initial stage. It is useful for broilers and laying hens, so it is added to dry food.
Threonine deficiency
in organism
A person rarely experiences a deficiency of this amino acid, since foods containingthreonine easy to find today. But the main symptoms threonine deficiency in the body you need to know:
- loss of appetite;
- irritability;
- a sharp decrease in energy;
- fast fatiguability;
- the condition of the skin, hair, teeth worsens;
- concentration decreases.
Because thethreonine necessary for workliver , hisdeficit in the body causes liver failure. If little of this substance is supplied with food or it is not absorbed, growth in children slows down.
daily amino acid requirementEvery day a person should receive the required amount of nutrients. Sodaily amino acid requirement threonine for adults it is 0.5 g. You can also use the formula: 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Children under 12 years of age especially need this protein component, since the growing body uses it up faster. Therefore, the daily norm for them isthreonine is - 3 g.
Let us add that in reasonable quantities it is beneficial for the liver, but in case of an overdose the opposite effect occurs. It is worth noting that an excess of this compound leads to the accumulation of uric acid. Therefore, you should not abuse it.
Side effects
amino acid threonine
Threonine preparations are well tolerated, only sometimes suchamino acid side effects : nausea, dizziness, skin rash. We add that it reduces the effectiveness of medications for Alzheimer's disease. Along with this, this substance has a decent list of contraindications:
- shock;
- hypoxia;
- decompensated heart failure;
- disorders of amino acid metabolism;
- kidney disorders;
- metabolic acidosis;
- liver failure.
Also, don't giveessential amino acid threonine pregnant women and children under 2 years of age.
Products,
rich in threonine
In order for the nervous system to function well and the muscles to be strong and elastic, it is necessary to replenish the supply of amino acids in the body on time. Most threonine rich foods animal origin:
- eggs;
- milk;
- meat (veal, pork, turkey);
- fish (salmon, herring, anchovy);
- mozzarella cheese).
As a rule, it is not difficult to obtain from fooddaily dose of threonine . It is believed that this is more difficult for vegetarians. But in plants it is a useful substancethreonine is also present, although in smaller quantities. Supporters of “humane nutrition” will find it useful to include in their diet:
general characteristics
Threonine is an amino acid that is involved in protein synthesis. It cannot be independently synthesized in a living organism. It was discovered in 1935 by American biochemist and nutritionist William Cumming Rose. The scientist extracted the substance from oat protein.
Chemical name. The English version of the amino acid name is threonine. Substance codons - ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG. Chemical name: α-amino-β-hydroxybutyric and 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. The body uses L-threonine.
Chemical properties. In appearance, threonine resembles colorless crystals or white powder. It is able to dissolve in water, but loses this property in diethyl ether and ethanol.
Exists in four optical isomers: L-threonine, L-allothreonine, D-threonine and D-allothreonine. L-threonine is important for the body.
Biosynthesis. Threonine is not able to be produced independently by the body; it comes with food. Plants and microorganisms synthesize a substance from aspartic acid. The reaction proceeds using α-aspartyl semialdehyde and homoserine. The chemical formula of threonine is C4H9NO3.
Functions and benefits. Necessary for protein production, the formation of tooth enamel and the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Promotes the production of collagen and elastin, has a beneficial effect on the immune system and the cardiovascular system.
Functions of threonine:
- supports normal liver function;
- participates in the production of antibodies, strengthens the immune system;
- has a beneficial effect on the psycho-emotional state;
- stimulates the growth of the thymus;
- strengthens muscle tissue;
- speeds up metabolism;
- fights fatty liver;
- promotes the formation of strong tooth enamel;
- improves skin condition;
- part of proteins and enzymes;
- facilitates the process of absorption of other beneficial substances.
Daily norm. According to Ikipedia, the daily dose of the amino acid threonine for adults is 0.5 g. For children, this figure is higher - 3 g. This is due to the fact that a growing body needs more building material.
Important! An increase in the daily norm may be necessary during active sports and heavy physical labor. A slight increase in amino acid concentration is also useful for psycho-emotional disorders. During stress and depression, additional intake of asparagine or threonine will help
About excess and deficiency
High doses of threonine disrupt liver function and increase the amount of urea and ammonia. This has a toxic effect on the body, leads to an increase in acidity, and causes disruptions in the functioning of important systems.
Consequences of deficiency:
- emotional excitability;
- accumulation of fat in the liver;
- decreased muscle mass;
- confusion;
- digestive problems;
- depressed and depressed state;
- problems with skin, nails and teeth;
- delay in the growth and development of children.
How is it absorbed by the body? For the absorption of threonine, the presence is necessary, especially and. It is also important to monitor the amount of magnesium in the body. Problems with the absorption of the substance may occur in people with genetic diseases. In this case, it is important to provide the body with glycine and serine.
Sources of threonine
Amino acid is an essential substance; its intake into the body provides nutrition. The main source is food of animal origin (almost all types of meat, dairy products, hard cheese, feta cheese, eggs, sea and fatty fish). Vegetarians can replenish their supply with nuts, sesame seeds, leafy vegetables, wheat, lentils, and mushrooms.
Where is threonine contained (per 100 g of product, mg):
- chicken egg (368);
- shellfish (214);
- beef meat (160);
- pork (151);
- turkey (133);
- anchovies (127);
- sesame seeds (74);
- lentils (33);
- milk (16);
- champignons (11).
Threonine drug
The substance is available in the form of a pharmaceutical drug Biotredin together with pyridoxine (). Before using the product, you should consult your doctor.
Composition and release form. Pyridoxine + Threonine is produced in the form of white or yellowish sublingual tablets. They are placed in blister packs of 30 pieces. Packed in a cardboard box along with instructions for use.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The presence of vitamin B6 helps threonine break down into acetaldehyde and the amino acid glycine. These substances activate oxidation and reduction reactions simultaneously with the processes of inhibition, respiration and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.
Thanks to this, the drug increases mental performance, improves memory, reduces the craving for alcohol, fights psycho-emotional stress, and has a therapeutic effect in alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Pyridoxine and l threonine do not accumulate in the body. They are completely broken down into final products and excreted through the kidneys along with urine.
Storage conditions. The product must be hidden from children and kept in a place protected from light. The permissible temperature is up to 25° C. The shelf life expires three years from the release date indicated on the packaging.
Terms of sale. The drug is sold in pharmacies. No prescription required to purchase.
Indications
Threonine maintains normal protein balance, regulates tissue metabolism, strengthens the immune system, improves the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and helps cope with psycho-emotional disorders.
The drug is prescribed in the following cases:
- deterioration of memory and mental performance;
- decreased concentration;
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome;
- chronic alcoholism, which is accompanied by a pathological craving for alcoholic beverages, irritability, a feeling of hunger and internal discomfort.
Contraindications
The use of the product is prohibited in case of individual intolerance to threonine or vitamin B6. It should not be consumed while intoxicated. Women during pregnancy and lactation can take the drug as prescribed by a doctor.
Directions for use and dosage
The tablets are placed under the tongue until completely absorbed. It is not recommended to take the medicine with you. The medicine can also be crushed to a powder. The course lasts from one to 10 days. If necessary, it is repeated 3-4 times a year.
Features of use:
- for children to improve mental performance and attention - 2 mg/kg;
- for adolescents and adults - 1 tablet 2-3 times a day;
- for chronic alcoholism - 1-3 tablets 2-3 times a day for 4-5 days.
To treat alcohol withdrawal syndrome, the drug is taken:
- first day - 1-4 tablets 3-4 times a day;
- second day and beyond - 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day;
- Course duration is from 10-14 to 21-28 days.
Side effects
Possible dizziness, allergy symptoms, and increased sweating.
Overdose
Taking the drug in excessive quantities can cause deterioration in health, poisoning, and digestive disorders. In case of overdose, it is recommended to rinse the stomach and consult a doctor.
Interaction with other substances
Threonine should not be taken together with medications that depress the central nervous system. It is not combined with antidepressants, barbiturates, anxiolytics and antipsychotics. The drug can be taken together with glycine, aspartic acid and methionine.
Other uses of threonine
The amino acid is used in cosmetology, sports, agriculture and animal husbandry. The addition of threonine to cosmetics is due to the fact that it is involved in the production of collagen and elastin. It is included in anti-aging products, creams, and serums.
Threonine in sports nutrition. The substance strengthens muscles, helps build muscle mass and burn fat deposits. Helps quickly recover after workouts and increases endurance.
Important! Threonine improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system and stimulates brain activity
Application in agriculture. The amino acid is added to compound feed, premixes and dry animal feed. It promotes rapid growth of livestock and poultry, improves meat quality and ensures high weight gain.
Tablet with the chemical formula of Threonine. Amino acids.
L - Threonine is an essential proteinogenic alcoamino acid that is involved in the construction of all organs and tissues of the human body.
Structural formulas of threonines:
The threonine molecule has two centers of rotation (chiral centers), so there are 4 possible options for the mutual arrangement of amino and alco groups relative to each other, called optical isomers. In reality, in the human body, only one possibility is realized, which is conventionally called the L-isomer, but during chemical synthesis all four isomers are formed in equal proportions. Purifying a product from non-functional isomers is not a simple process, and this increases the cost of commercial drugs. All other things being equal, a more purified drug will cost more than a less purified one.
Threonine is one carbon sequence longer than serine, the alcohol OH group is attached to the carbon molecule in the β-position, giving the amino acid both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, which allows the molecule to dissolve in both water and fats. The hydrogen ion in the hydroxyl group OH is very mobile and can be easily split off, so the threonine molecule serves as the site of protein bonding with sugars in compounds called glycoproteins, which are part of connective tissue.
Connective tissue is the same support for internal organs as bones are support for muscles.
Being a proteinogenic amino acid, threonine is part of almost all proteins in the human body.
Threonine is not synthesized in the human body; for normal life, this amino acid must be supplied in sufficient quantities from food.
The daily requirement for threonine for an adult is 0.5 g, for children – 3 g.
Functions of threonine
- Structural
- Participation in amino acid metabolism
- Participation in fat metabolism
- Digestive
- Antitoxic
- Immunostimulating
- Neurotransmitter
Structural function
Threonine is part of almost all proteins of the human body, incl. the enzyme pepsin, which is involved in the digestion of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the connective tissue proteins gliadin and fibrin. Most natural proteins contain 2-6%.
A sugar ring is attached to the alcohol group OH, forming glycopeptides that are part of the connective tissue, which functions as a support for internal organs, filling all the spaces between functional tissues. Glycopeptides, together with collagen and hyaluronic acid, are the stuffing of the internal space of the body.
Threonine is part of tooth enamel. Without sufficient consumption of this amino acid, the destruction of the tooth structure will begin, and caries is just around the corner.
Participation in amino acid metabolism
Threonine is the leading amino acid for the normal functioning of connective tissue. In the body, it is converted into glycine and serine, and these, in turn, are used to build collagen and elastin - also connective tissue proteins.
Collagen is everywhere in the body. Muscle fascia - films that structure muscle fiber, ligaments, tendons, sheaths covering internal organs - everywhere there is collagen immersed in a matrix of glycoproteins - a kind of viscous jelly that imparts elasticity and extensibility to tissues.
It is clear why the need for this amino acid in childhood is 12 times greater than in adults: children grow rapidly, i.e. bones, muscles, ligaments, blood vessels grow, which means that the conveyor that produces connective tissue proteins must constantly receive building amino acids: threonine and glycine and serine synthesized from it. There is no building material - the frame of the house-organism will have defects: scoliosis, flat feet, dislocations of the cervical vertebrae, muscular dystrophy, weakness of the heart muscle, and even myopia and caries - these are diseases associated with connective tissue insufficiency, which also occurs when lack of connective tissue amino acids: the two brothers glycine and serine and their mother, threonine.
Threonine is healthy, smooth, glowing skin, because it is collagen that gives it elasticity.
Threonine indirectly through the synthesis of collagen and elastin strengthens blood vessels and heart muscle
Even in adulthood, the body constantly renews itself: old proteins are destroyed and their place is taken by newly synthesized ones, nothing is unchanged in the body, even bone tissue is renewed, even tooth enamel is created anew. In the process of self-renewal, connective tissue is synthesized again and again, and in order for its quality not to deteriorate with age, a sufficient supply of amino acids is necessary, incl. threonine.
Being a connective tissue amino acid, threonine is necessary for recovery after any injuries and operations when there is active production of connective tissue to repair damaged structures.
Intermediate metabolic products are: homoserine, homocysteine and GABA.
Homoserine is formed during the breakdown of threonine in the liver. In the presence of enzymes activated by vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate), it quickly breaks down into water, ammonia and alpha-ketobutyric acid, which is quickly converted to alpha-aminobutyric acid. Currently, the condition of the liver is assessed by the amount of homoserine. High levels of homoserine (over 8 µm/l) indicate damage to liver cells by infectious agents or other factors.
Homocysteine, an intermediate product of amino acid metabolism, is a precursor of methionine, into which it is converted with the participation of folic acid and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamide). It is a toxic substance for the body, an increase in its concentration in the blood plasma leads to increased thrombus formation, damage to the walls of blood vessels with further atherosclerosis, and then heart attacks and strokes are just around the corner. In women, high levels of homocysteine provoke recurrent miscarriage.
The final product of threonine metabolism is aspartic acid.
Participation in fat metabolism
Threonine, along with methionine and aspartic acid, helps the liver break down fats and fatty acids. It is part of many enzymes that utilize fats. Lack of threonine in food contributes to the development of fatty liver
Digestive function
Threonine is part of the digestive enzyme pepsin, which is involved in the breakdown of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.
It helps with certain food intolerances, such as wheat gluten.
Antitoxic function
Due to the mobile group OH, threonine combines with toxic substances and deactivates them, and then removes them from the body
Immunostimulating function
Threonine is involved in the synthesis of immunoglobulins and antibodies that protect the body from infections.
Neurotransmitter function
Threonine is a source for the formation of the inhibitory transmitter GABA. As a precursor of the neurotransmitter, it is used in the complex treatment of depression and other diseases of the nervous system.
It improves memory, increases concentration, increases performance, and improves mood.
As a precursor to another neurotransmitter, the amino acid glycine, threonine supplements are useful in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
It is used in the complex treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction, because reduces cravings for addictive substances.
Registration number: Р N003744/01
Trade name: Biotredin ®
Group name: Pyridoxine + Threonine.
Dosage form: sublingual tablets.
Composition (per tablet): active ingredients: threonine – 100 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride – 5 mg; excipients: povidone (K17) – 3.51 mg, citric acid monohydrate – 0.59 mg, lactose monohydrate – 6.73 mg, magnesium stearate – 1.17 mg.
Description: round flat-cylindrical tablets of white or cream color with a chamfer.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: B vitamins + other drugs.
ATX code: A11JC.
Pharmacological properties
Pharmacodynamics: Biotredin ® is a regulator of tissue metabolism, increases mental performance, has a therapeutic effect in alcohol withdrawal states, and reduces the craving for alcohol.
Threonine in the presence of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) breaks down into the amino acid glycine and acetaldehyde, which stimulate inhibition processes and at the same time redox reactions, respiration processes and the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells, due to which the drug is able to:
- improve short-term and long-term memory;
- increase mental performance;
- reduce psycho-emotional stress;
- increase and normalize the level of endogenous acetaldehyde and, thereby, reduce the phenomenon of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and craving for alcohol.
The effect of Biotredin ® appears 10-20 minutes after administration under the tongue.
Pharmacokinetics: threonine and pyridoxine are completely metabolized to their final products. They do not accumulate in the body.
Indications for use
Indications for use: prescribed to children, adolescents and adults with decreased mental performance and concentration.
The drug is prescribed to persons who abuse alcohol, patients with chronic alcoholism when the pathological craving for alcohol is actualized, combined with affective (irritability, low mood, internal discomfort), sensory (hunger) and ideational (thoughts about alcohol) disorders, with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and also to maintain remissions.
Contraindications: alcohol intoxication, simultaneous use of medications that depress the central nervous system (anxiolytics, antipsychotics (neuroleptics), antidepressants, etc.), increased sensitivity to vitamin B6.
Precautions for use: does not require special precautions.
Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: No separate studies have been conducted. Not recommended for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
For alcohol abuse and alcoholism, the drug can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding if the expected therapeutic effect outweighs the risk of developing possible side effects.
Directions for use and doses
The drug is prescribed in tablets under the tongue or in powder form after crushing the tablet. The greatest effect of Biotredin® is achieved when combined with the drug Glycine. 1 tablet (100 mg) of Glycine is taken under the tongue 10–15 minutes before taking Biotredin®.
As a means of increasing attention and mental performance: children, adolescents and adults, 1 tablet 2-3 times a day for 3-10 days. If necessary, the course is repeated 3–4 times or more per year.
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: on the first day, 1-4 tablets 3-4 times a day (daily dose 3-16 tablets), on the second day and further, 1-2 tablets per dose 2-3 times a day (daily dose 3-16 tablets). 6 tablets) for 21–28 days. The course can be shortened to 10–14 days.
For patients with chronic alcoholism and alcohol abuse: 1-3 tablets per dose 2-3 times a day for 4-5 days. If necessary, courses are repeated 5–10 times a year.
During the period of remission, to identify hidden cravings for alcohol: 2-3 tablets of Biotredin ® are taken on an empty stomach. The appearance of mild dizziness, a calming effect, facial redness, and sweating within 10–20 minutes indicates the presence of “hidden cravings.” In these cases, a 5-10 day course of Biotredin ® is recommended along with Glycine: 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Glycine is taken 1 tablet (100 mg) under the tongue 10–15 minutes before taking Biotredin ®.
Side effect: dizziness, increased sweating, allergic reactions due to vitamin B6 intolerance.
Overdose: no cases of overdose have been identified.
Interaction with other drugs.
Incompatible with antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, anxiolytics, barbiturates. Weakens the effect of antipsychotics (neuroleptics), antidepressants, barbiturates and other drugs that depress the central nervous system.
Possibility of the drug influencing the ability to drive vehicles and other potentially dangerous mechanisms: no effect.
Special instructions: It is not recommended to use during intoxication, because the therapeutic effect of the drug decreases. The drug contains lactose, and therefore it is not recommended for use in patients with congenital galactosemia, glucose malabsorption syndrome, or congenital lactase deficiency.