Bacterial cervicitis. Cervicitis of the cervix: how to cope with the disease. Use of Pharmaceuticals
The cervix is a kind of barrier, the task of which is to prevent the spread of infection through the ascending route into the uterus and its appendages. If its protective function is impaired, then pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the upper parts of the woman’s internal genital organs, provoking the development of cervicitis. The woman begins to be bothered by atypical discharge, periodic or constant pain localized in the lower abdomen, which intensifies during sexual intercourse or urination.
What it is?
Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, to put it briefly in simple language. But, not everything is so simple - let's look at the issue in detail.
Causes of cervicitis
The main cause of cervicitis are diseases that are sexually transmitted. With the development of a certain sexually transmitted disease, thick mucus gradually liquefies, resulting in inflammation of the mucous membrane. After this, the infection begins to spread to the base of the cervix. Due to such changes, microbes gradually enter the uterus, appendages, and later spread to the bladder, kidneys and other organs. As a result, pathological phenomena develop in the woman’s pelvic cavity, including peritonitis.
If sexually transmitted diseases are considered the main cause of the development of cervicitis in a woman, then doctors also identify a number of factors that contribute to the development of this disease. The risk of developing cervicitis increases significantly if a woman has been infected with the herpes virus or. Cervicitis can overtake a girl at a time when she is just beginning to have an active sexual life. Also, cervicitis of the cervix can manifest itself as a consequence of mechanical or chemical irritation (we are talking about contraceptives or hygiene products). In some cases, the inflammatory process occurs as a result of an allergic reaction of the body to latex or other components of contraceptives or personal hygiene products.
A factor that provokes the disease is also weakened immunity due to other somatic diseases. In addition, cervicitis can develop as a result of injuries caused during abortion or childbirth (in this case, it is important to properly suture all ruptures of the perineum and cervix caused during the birth process), with. The disease also often affects women who have entered menopause.
All the reasons described above contribute to the active reproduction of microorganisms classified as opportunistic (staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, E. coli). In a woman’s normal health, such microorganisms are present in the vaginal microflora.
Symptoms of cervicitis
Manifestations of the acute form of the disease are significantly pronounced. The patient is bothered by purulent or profuse mucous leucorrhoea, vaginal itching and burning, which intensifies with urination. Pain due to cervicitis may also be bothersome. Usually these are dull or aching pain in the lower abdomen, painful sexual intercourse. Other signs of the disease are due to concomitant pathology.
If the inflammatory process of the cervix occurs against the background, frequent and painful urination is a concern. With the inflammatory process in the cervix, there is an increase in temperature from subfebrile (above 37) to febrile numbers (38 and above). When pseudoerosion and cervicitis are combined, spotting and spotting may appear after coitus. A distinctive feature of the disease is the exacerbation of all clinical symptoms after menstruation.
Chronic inflammation of the cervix
A disease that was not adequately and timely treated in the acute stage becomes chronic. Signs of chronic cervicitis are less pronounced or practically absent. The discharge becomes cloudy and mucous in nature, the flat epithelium of the vaginal part of the cervix is replaced by cylindrical epithelium from the cervical canal, and pseudo-erosion of the cervix is formed.
Inflammatory phenomena (redness and swelling) are mild. When inflammation spreads to the surrounding tissues and deeper, the cervix becomes denser, and it is possible again to replace the columnar epithelium with flat epithelium during ectopia, which is accompanied by the formation of nabothian cysts and infiltrates.
Lymphocytic cervicitis
The disease is also called follicular cervicitis. This form of inflammation is asymptomatic and occurs in menopausal women. The process is a lymphoid “impregnation” of the walls of the cervix, resulting in the formation of follicular benign formations. If this form of inflammation is detected, the doctor will definitely carry out a differential diagnosis with malignant lymphosarcoma.
Candidiasis cervicitis
Occurs in a situation where there is already a fungal infection in the vagina (). When examining the cervix in the speculum, white deposits are detected, which are easily scraped off, resulting in exposure of the inflamed red mucosa.
Viral cervicitis
The disease appears as a result of infection with the herpes simplex virus, human papilloma,. It is somewhat difficult to recognize because it has no specific features. During the examination, the doctor may see blisters characteristic of a herpes infection, or only a laboratory will confirm the diagnosis.
Cystic cervicitis
It is a form of the disease in which benign formation occurs. As a result of the inflammatory process, blockage of the glands that secrete mucus occurs and their subsequent proliferation, which the gynecologist will detect during examination or colposcopy.
Atrophic cervicitis
Most often this is a chronic and nonspecific form of the disease. Frequent causes of atrophic inflammation are traumatic manipulations associated with disruption of the integrity of the cervical canal of the uterus or childbirth.
Diagnostics
The diagnosis is made by a gynecologist based on the results of examination and additional research methods. He collects anamnesis, studies complaints and symptoms. During the examination on the chair, the doctor sees foci of inflammation, pinpoint hemorrhages on the surface of the exocervix, an increase in its size due to swelling, redness and swelling of the walls of the vagina and external genitalia.
The gynecologist takes a smear from the surface of the cervix for further examination under a microscope - cytology. The resulting material is also sown on nutrient media - the grown colonies of the pathogen make it possible to determine its type and sensitivity to antibiotics. If necessary, the doctor measures the pH of vaginal discharge - its increase indicates changes in its microflora.
Chronic cervicitis leads to the appearance of pathological foci on the cervix - they are detected when it is treated with iodine solution. In this case, colposcopy is performed - studying the epithelium of the exocervix under high magnification to exclude malignant degeneration of its cells. To diagnose chronic endocervicitis, curettage of the cervical canal is performed, followed by studying the cellular composition of the resulting material. To exclude tumors of the female reproductive system, they are examined using ultrasound.
Treatment of cervicitis
First of all, it is necessary to identify and eliminate factors that could cause cervicitis. It is worth noting that if sexually transmitted infections are detected, the woman’s sexual partner must also undergo treatment.
The treatment strategy for cervicitis depends on the identified cause of the disease. Treatment regimen for different types of cervicitis:
- In case of fungal infection, antimycotics are used: Fluconazole orally, Natamycin tablets, suppositories with econazole in the vagina;
- For chlamydial infection, a combination of several antibiotics (Tetracycline + Azithromycin) is prescribed for a period of at least 21 days;
- With atrophic inflammation, the introduction of suppositories, creams, gels containing estriol (Divigel) into the vagina helps;
- For bacterial infections - treatment with antibiotics (Neomycin, Metronidazole suppositories), combined anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs (Terzhinan). After sanitation, suppositories with beneficial lactobacilli are prescribed to restore normal microflora (Acilact).
After the acute stage of the disease subsides, local treatment methods can be used. The use of creams and suppositories (terzhinan) is effective. It is recommended to treat the mucous membranes of the vagina and cervix with solutions of silver nitrate, chlorophyllipt or dimexide.
In advanced cases of the disease, when atrophic changes are observed in the mucous membrane of the cervix, local hormonal therapy (ovestin) is indicated, which promotes the regeneration of the epithelium and the restoration of normal vaginal microflora.
Conservative treatment may not give the desired results in the chronic stage of cervicitis. In such cases, the doctor may recommend surgical treatment (cryotherapy, laser therapy, diathermocoagulation).
To assess the effectiveness of treatment, a control colposcopy and laboratory tests are performed.
The danger of cervicitis in pregnant women
Cervicitis is associated with the destruction of the mucous plug that protects the uterus from infection from the vagina. The likelihood of illness and the transition of the inflammatory process to a chronic form increases due to the inevitable decrease in immunity during this period (this prevents fetal rejection).
If pregnant women have cervicitis, the risk of complications such as miscarriage and premature birth increases. Infection of the fetus is possible, which leads to abnormal development, the appearance of deformities, intrauterine death, and death of the newborn in the first months of life.
Cervicitis poses a greater threat in the early stages of pregnancy, when organs and systems are being formed in the fetus. Most often, a woman has a miscarriage. If acute cervicitis occurs in the middle or end of pregnancy, the child may develop hydrocephalus, kidney disease and other organs. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, a woman should be cured of cervicitis in advance and strengthen her immune system. Treatment is mandatory, as the risk of complications is very high.
Cervicitis occupies one of the leading places in terms of prevalence among all gynecological diseases. The disease is accompanied by inflammation of segments of the uterine cervix. In the absence of therapy, extensive foci of erosion develop, provoking changes in the structure of the organ. Infection in the future can cause infertility and other negative consequences. Therefore, it is extremely important to treat cervical cervicitis in a timely manner.
The tissues that form the uterus and its appendages are extremely sensitive to adverse effects. That is why gynecological diseases in women are characterized by high prevalence.
Cervicitis occurs primarily due to the entry and proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the cervix. The causative agents are staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria, E. coli. Less commonly, the disease is diagnosed against the background of sexually transmitted problems - trichomoniasis or gonorrhea.
Provoking factors
Normally, bacteria are always present in the vagina, being part of the natural microflora. They perform a number of functions and do not cause any diseases. Pathological changes occur under the influence of factors that contribute to bacterial imbalance, against the background of which inflammation develops.
Provoking factors include:
- diseases of the urinary system;
- injuries;
- papilloma or herpes viruses;
- decreased general immunity;
- hormonal disorders;
- antibiotic treatment;
- congenital anomalies of the uterus and its appendages;
- venereal diseases.
The described factors increase the sensitivity of tissues to pathogenic microorganisms, which is why the disease in question occurs.
Clinical manifestations
Symptoms of cervicitis are varied and depend on the nature of the course, the stage of the pathology, and its causative agent. The disease can occur in an acute form, and in the absence of effective treatment, become chronic. A pronounced clinical picture is characterized by cervicitis caused by gonococcal infection. Symptomatic manifestations may be erased, for example, when affected by chlamydia.
Signs of acute cervicitis
This form of pathology is characterized by intense manifestation of symptoms. A woman experiences severe itching and a burning sensation inside the vagina, which intensifies when urinating. There is pain in the lower abdomen, including during and after sexual intercourse.
Other signs of the acute form:
- elevated temperature;
- bleeding;
- purulent discharge;
- painful menstruation.
During a visual examination in a gynecological office, a change in the color of the tissue of the uterine wall in the area of inflammation is noted. This place becomes very red, becomes shiny, and is sometimes covered with a mucous substance. When infected with a herpes or papilloma virus, ulcers or condylomas may develop (photo presented on the website).
Chronic form
Occurs in the absence of adequate medical care. Chronic cervicitis is accompanied by symptoms characteristic of the acute form, but their intensity and severity are much lower.
Patients experience cloudy discharge containing mucus. Inside the uterine wall, epithelial tissue is replaced by cylindrical cells, as a result of which pseudo-erosion develops.
Cervicitis during pregnancy
The occurrence of the disease during pregnancy is a rare occurrence. However, it poses a serious danger, especially in the later stages. It is prohibited to use traditional methods of therapy during pregnancy so as not to harm the child, and therefore alternative treatment for cervicitis in women is used.
Possible complications:
- infection of the uterine cavity;
- placental insufficiency;
- intrauterine growth retardation;
- intrauterine infection.
In the most severe cases, pregnancy fading occurs due to cervicitis, which often ends in termination and miscarriage.
Thus, cervicitis in pregnant women poses a serious danger to the unborn child.
Treatment methods
Therapy for cervicitis is aimed at eliminating the root cause of the pathology. At the same time, symptomatic treatment is carried out, and general strengthening procedures are performed.
Drug therapy
In order to suppress cervicitis, drugs that have antibacterial or antiviral effects are actively used. If affected by gonococcal or streptococcal infection, it is advisable to take antibiotics. This allows you to eliminate pathogens, stopping the development of the inflammatory process.
Antiviral drugs are actively used for treatment. They are effective for cervicitis caused by herpes or papillomavirus.
One of the most popular treatments is the drug Terzhinan. It is available in the form of vaginal suppositories. The use of suppositories has a local effect on the affected tissue, due to which the therapeutic effect is greatly enhanced.
Physiotherapeutic procedures and surgery
Prescribed simultaneously with drug therapy. The effectiveness of measures depends on the nature of the disease and its causative agents. Physiotherapy helps to reduce the inflammatory focus, accelerate the regeneration of damaged tissues, and improve blood circulation in the affected area.
The following methods are used:
- mud treatments;
- laser therapy;
- electrophoresis;
- UHF therapy.
Surgical treatment is used mainly for chronic cervicitis. With this form of pathology, conservative methods are ineffective. Manipulations can be carried out using liquid nitrogen, a focused laser, or electric current.
Traditional methods
Non-traditional methods of therapy complement drug or surgical treatment. It is recommended to use traditional methods after preliminary consultation with a doctor. Self-treatment of cervicitis with folk remedies is strictly prohibited if there are symptoms of complications.
Therapy methods:
- Camomile tea. To prepare, 2 tablespoons of dried flowers are poured into 0.5 liters of just boiled water. Cover the container with the liquid with a lid and infuse the product for 20–30 minutes. After this, it is recommended to strain the medicine. You should wet the tampon with the infusion and insert it into the vagina for 15 minutes. It is allowed to repeat the procedure no more than 3 times a day.
- Sage. An infusion based on this herb is used for douching. To prepare, pour 2 tablespoons of dried sage into 400 ml of boiling water. It is better to brew the medicine in a thermos overnight. The finished product is filtered and diluted with warm water in a 1:1 ratio. The procedure is performed 4 times a day.
- Decoction of oak bark. The presented medicine is characterized by a pronounced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect. The crushed bark (1 spoon) is poured into 0.5 liters of boiling water and cooked for 15 minutes over low heat. After this, the medicine is filtered and cooled. Used for douching 3 times a day.
- Herbal decoction. To prepare, mix sage, juniper fruits, and tansy flowers in equal quantities. The mixture is supplemented with eucalyptus leaves, yarrow, and alder cones. 2 tablespoons of the resulting plant material are poured with 250 ml of boiling water and cooked for 10 minutes. After this, the composition is cooled, filtered and 1 glass is drunk daily in several even doses. To improve the taste, it is recommended to add honey.
- Calendula decoction. The medicine is characterized by a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. The product is used for douching. To prepare the liquid, 3 tablespoons of flowers are poured into 0.5 liters of boiling water. The composition should sit for several hours, after which it is diluted with the same amount of clean water.
- Thus, treatment of cervicitis is carried out using different methods, the choice of which depends on the characteristics of the course of the disease in a particular patient.
The described methods are used for treatment at home.
Prevention
After eliminating cervicitis, it is very important to follow a number of rules to prevent the recurrence of the disease. The risk of relapse increases significantly if preventive measures are not taken. Compliance with the recommendations described below can not only prevent the re-development of cervicitis, but also significantly reduce the risk of other gynecological diseases.
Preventive measures:
- regular examination by a gynecologist;
- prevention of abortion and surgery on the reproductive organs;
- use of non-drug methods of contraception;
- reduction in the number of sexual partners;
- increasing immunity;
- regular physical activity;
- good nutrition;
- timely treatment of infectious diseases;
- compliance with intimate hygiene standards.
Prevention of cervicitis is mandatory in the chronic form or in the presence of suspected cancer.
In recent years, there has been a pronounced tendency towards an increase in cases of female infertility. Many patients are faced with the fact that the cause of reproductive system problems is inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs. Most often, doctors have to treat cervicitis. This pathology is extremely dangerous because in the initial stages of development it is almost impossible to suspect it: up to 90% of cases are detected during a random examination. That is why doctors recommend devoting more time to the rules of individual prevention and carefully taking care of your health.
What is cervicitis of the cervix
Cervicitis is an inflammatory disease of an infectious or non-infectious nature, which is accompanied by damage to the mucous membrane of the cervix. Women of any age suffer from this pathology, but there are also vulnerable groups of the population:
- teenagers during the period of menstruation;
- pregnant women;
- persons who have undergone surgery in the cervical area;
- patients after radiation or chemotherapy.
With cervicitis, the mucous membrane is affected"Cervix" in Latin means cervix, and the ending "itis" means inflammation. That is why pathology is called this way.
What types of disease are there?
Classification of cervicitis according to the nature of the course:
- acute (intensive increase in symptoms over 1–2 days);
- subacute (smooth onset, duration 2–4 weeks);
- chronic (smoothed course for more than six months with periodic deterioration).
Types of disease according to the reason that caused it:
- infectious (pathogenic microflora such as fungi, protozoa, bacteria, viruses);
- non-infectious (triggered by injury, radiation, taking pharmaceuticals, poisoning).
Classification of infectious cervicitis according to the nature of microorganisms:
- nonspecific - under the influence of microbes that normally live in the human body (Candida, staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli);
- specific - when pathogens are introduced into the body that are not found in a healthy person (chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma, amoeba, herpes virus).
Varieties of the disease according to the localization of the focus of altered cells:
- endocervicitis (inner surface of the cervix);
- exocervicitis (outer part of the cervix).
Classification of pathology according to morphological changes in the mucous membrane:
- cystic (formation of cavities containing clear liquid);
- lymphocytic (infiltration of the mucosa by lymphocyte cells);
- atrophic (death of the upper layer of soft tissue with the formation of inflammatory segments);
- herpetic (appearance of pathological rashes in the form of blisters).
Forms of the disease according to the severity of clinical manifestations:
- minimal (virtually no symptoms);
- moderate (more intense symptoms);
- maximum (intoxication of the body and severe damage to the mucous membrane of the cervix).
Video: doctor talks about the disease
Why does cervicitis occur?
The inflammatory process is formed against the background of penetration of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses or fungi) into the mucous membrane. They enter the human body through unprotected sexual intercourse, using other people's hygiene products, or from another source of infection (carious tooth, abscess, phlegmon). Gradually, microbes multiply and accumulate, forming toxins. This contributes to the formation of pathological discharge. If cervicitis is non-infectious, the mucous membrane is affected mainly mechanically.
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing the disease:
- promiscuity;
- performing surgical procedures, dressings and manipulations in the cervical area;
- difficult childbirth with ruptures or abortions with curettage of the mucous membrane;
- intrauterine contraceptive devices (spiral);
- scar deformities;
- intense sexual intercourse;
- abnormal development of the genital organs;
- primary or secondary immune deficiencies;
- uncontrolled use of antibacterial and hormonal drugs;
- obesity and sedentary lifestyle;
- inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs;
- disruption of normal blood circulation in the vessels of the lower half of the body ().
The main symptomatic manifestations of the pathology
Cervicitis in 90% of cases develops gradually. Signs of the disease slowly and steadily increase, forcing the patient to seek medical help. If you have not encountered a similar illness before, it will be extremely difficult to suspect it yourself. Cervicitis is characterized by:
- Formation of pathological discharge. They are toxic products of the activity of microorganisms in combination with dying cells of the mucous membrane. The discharge is yellow, brown or green in color and may contain blood in case of massive vascular damage. The smell and consistency depend on the pathogenic microflora that caused the inflammatory process.
- Pain during sexual intercourse and increased sensitivity. The soft tissues of the vagina and cervix react sharply to even minor impacts, which causes women discomfort. With physical exertion or stress, this symptom intensifies. Painful sensations of aching and pulling nature may also be present at rest, which is an unfavorable prognostic sign.
- Swelling and redness of soft tissues. When the inflammatory process moves beyond the cervix, the mucous membrane of the vagina and external genitalia is affected. They turn red and increase in size, which also indicates an acute course of the pathology.
- The syndrome of general intoxication is typical for massive lesions of the cervix. Patients complain of fever up to 38–39 degrees, periodic chills, weakness, sleep disturbances, headaches and dizziness. 70% of victims experience nausea and vomiting not associated with meals. Doctors explain this as the body's reaction to damage to soft tissues under the influence of microbial toxins.
Photo gallery: changes in the mucous membrane of the cervix with cervicitis
Damage to the cervix is accompanied by pathological discharge During the inflammatory process, protrusion of the mucous membrane occurs Upon examination, you can see redness and swelling of the soft tissues due to inflammation
Cervicitis and pregnancy
The inflammatory process in the cervix is a serious threat not only for those who want to become a mother, but also for women who are already bearing offspring. During pregnancy, intense hormonal changes occur in a girl's body, as a result of which the immune system becomes more vulnerable to harmful environmental factors. Even fleeting contact with pathogenic bacteria, fungi or viruses is sufficient for infection.
Cervicitis during pregnancy is much more severe: women experience intense pain in the uterus and vagina, and the child behaves extremely restlessly. The placenta (baby place), through which the baby receives nutrients, is also permeable to most pathogenic microorganisms. This often leads to infection of the fetus and various complications of pregnancy and childbirth:
- miscarriage: spontaneous abortions and miscarriages in late and early stages;
- placental insufficiency and oxygen deficiency;
- labor abnormalities (low or high uterine tone);
- delayed growth and development of the child.
Methods for diagnosing cervicitis of the cervix
If you suspect an inflammatory process, you should immediately seek help from the hospital. At the initial examination, only changes in the external and internal genital organs (swelling, redness, presence of discharge) can be detected. Symptoms of cervicitis are similar to other diseases:
- candidiasis;
- ureaplasmosis;
- gonorrhea;
- trichomoniasis;
- colpitis;
- endometritis;
- syphilis;
- herpes virus.
Do not forget that 4 hours before visiting the doctor and taking tests, it is forbidden to wash or douche the vagina, as this contributes to the appearance of unreliable results. I participated in the treatment of a patient whom doctors were unable to diagnose in time for this reason. An hour before going to the gynecologist, the victim douched her vagina with an antiseptic solution. This led to the destruction of most of the secretions contaminated with microbes. The smear data showed a negative result, while in fact the woman had chronic cervicitis. It was possible to identify the disease several months later, when the symptoms became more than obvious.
Methods used to confirm the diagnosis:
Which doctor should I contact?
If you have been suffering from symptoms of a disease that resembles cervicitis for a long time, you need to visit a gynecologist. It is he who will prescribe all the necessary examinations and help confirm or refute the diagnosis. In the event that there is no such doctor, it is permissible to visit a dermatovenerologist and take smears in his office, which reveal pathogenic microflora.
Various treatment options for the disease
Therapy for cervicitis begins with the use of medications. For uncomplicated forms of the disease, doctors use gentle remedies that are easily excreted by the kidneys and utilized by the liver. If the disease exists in the body for quite a long time, more powerful and heavier drugs are used that have maximum effect. In cases where cervicitis cannot be treated with medication, doctors decide on the need for surgery. During the recovery stages, physiotherapeutic procedures of various types are widely used.
Use of Pharmaceuticals
Drug therapy for cervicitis involves the use of medications that eliminate symptoms and are responsible for fighting the pathogen. The first group includes etiotropic drugs, most of which are sold only with a doctor's prescription. Many of the medications are used for topical administration in the form of ointments, gels, suppositories, and douching solutions.
Do not forget that the duration of the therapeutic course and the specifics of the use of medications are determined only by a gynecologist. Self-administration can lead to uncontrollable consequences.
Drugs for etiotropic treatment of cervicitis:
- Antibiotics are used to fight bacteria that cause inflammation. They contribute to the death of harmful microbes and prevent their further development. Most often, Keflex, Claforan, Rocephin, Fortum, Vancomycin, Augmentin, Rondomycin, Tienam, Teicoplanin, Primaxin, Imipenem, Caten, Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone, Ceclor, Cefalotin, Maxipim, Vancocin, Chloramphenicol, Sintomycin, Tobramycin are used for this purpose.
- Antiviral agents destroy viral microflora and strengthen the body's immunity. These include Oxolin, Metisazone, Saquinavir, Poludan, Megosin, Cycloferon, Foscanet, Neviapine, Stavudi, Zerit, Azidothymidine, Midantan, Arbidol.
- Antifungal drugs kill various fungi, which also cause the development of cervicitis. For this purpose, Miconazole, Pimafucin, Griseofulvin, Natamycin, Naftifin, Fetimin, Nitrofungin, Batrafen, Ciclopirox, Clotrimazole, Decamine, Fluconazole, Terbinafine, Nizoral are used.
Photo gallery: etiotropic drugs to combat cervical inflammation
Augmentin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic to fight bacteria Cycloferon causes the death of viruses and strengthens the immune system Pimafucin effectively fights fungus
Means for the symptomatic treatment of cervicitis:
- Douching solutions cleanse the vagina of excess secretions and prepare it for the introduction of suppositories or creams. This group includes the antiseptics Furacilin, potassium permanganate, Chlorhexidine or Miramistin.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs help fight itching, burning, pathological discharge and swelling. Some of them also have an analgesic effect. The most commonly used are Tamoxifen, Nurofen, Ibuklin, Ortofen, Aspirin, Naproxen, Naprosyn, Indomethacin, Methindol, Ponstan.
- Medicines to normalize the microflora of the vaginal mucosa are used together with etiotropic therapy. They revive beneficial bacteria that independently eliminate the infection. For this purpose, Vaginorm-S, Atsilakt, Lactonorm, Lactobacterrin, Vagilak are used.
Photo gallery: symptomatic treatment of cervicitis
Nurofen reduces pain Vagilak softens the mucous membrane Chlorhexidine has antiseptic properties
Table: physiotherapy to combat the disease
Procedure name | What is the essence of treatment? | Number of procedures and their duration | Main effects of use |
Inductothermy | Application of magnetic fields of various frequencies and intensities | 7–10 in 1 month | Reducing inflammation and pain |
Acupuncture | Inserting thin needles into certain areas of the patient’s body to a depth of several centimeters | 5–6 within six months | Improving the processes of regeneration and healing of the wound surface due to the formation of new cells |
Massages | Point mechanical impact on the lumbar and pubic area with rubbing movements | On an ongoing basis | Stimulation of blood circulation and lymph outflow from the pelvic area |
Conducting electrical current through connected sensors | Up to 30 procedures per year | Relieving swelling of soft tissues, relaxing the muscles of the perineum | |
Using a sound wave with a specific length | 20 procedures over 6 months | Death of remaining pathogenic microorganisms | |
Electrophoresis with medications | Introduction of a pharmaceutical drug into the body using current | 10–14 for 3 months | Faster distribution of the drug in tissues |
Photo gallery: physiotherapy used in the inflammatory process
Ultrasound therapy causes the death of many microbes Drug electrophoresis allows you to quickly and effectively introduce the desired drug into tissues UHF therapy effectively combats the manifestations of the disease
Surgical treatment of cervicitis of the cervix
If conservative therapy does not bring the expected result within several months, doctors decide to perform one operation or another. Indications for this type of treatment are:
- long-term pain syndrome;
- pregnancy planning;
- large affected area.
There are several types of surgery that differ in their technique:
- Application of laser cauterization. Laser beams are directed into the area where the inflammatory focus is located. They destroy damaged cells and cause the formation of a dense scab on the surface of the mucous membrane, under which healing occurs. The cauterization itself is performed under anesthesia and lasts from 10 to 15 minutes.
- Cryosurgical procedure. A special device containing liquid nitrogen is inserted into the vagina. Its temperature is extremely low, as a result of which the device itself cools and cauterizes soft tissue. The procedure is carried out in 2 stages with a difference of 3-5 minutes, which allows you to destroy dead areas. Recovery from this treatment method is faster, which is associated with less damage to the mucous membrane.
Traditional recipes as an aid
If you do not have the opportunity to visit a doctor in the near future, and the symptoms of cervicitis continue to cause inconvenience, it is permissible to use decoctions, infusions and baths based on medicinal plants and herbs. Many of them have an extremely low cost and are sold in any pharmacy, which makes such methods very popular. But do not forget that almost all folk remedies have a temporary effect and do not help get rid of the cause of cervicitis - pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, doctors prohibit traditional treatment.
Traditional recipes, like medications, have contraindications for use. Most often in my practice I have encountered the phenomena of individual intolerance to a particular substance. One woman who suffered from inflammation of the cervix, on the recommendation of a friend, decided to douche with a solution of celandine. After preparing the product and washing the vagina, within a few minutes she developed Quincke's edema. This is an acute allergic reaction to the components of the mixture, which is accompanied by redness of the soft tissues and a sharp spasm of the vocal cords. It was possible to save the patient from death only thanks to the administration of adrenaline. That is why all doctors advise first to test your sensitivity to the substance by applying a small amount to the skin. If there is no reaction, it is permissible to continue using this method.
The most popular folk recipes for combating cervicitis:
- Mix 100 grams of chopped plantain with the same amount of burdock. Place the resulting powder in a bowl of boiling water and wait until it cools to an acceptable temperature. Immerse your lower body in this bath and spend 10-15 minutes in it. Plantain in combination with burdock have pronounced healing properties and eliminate existing cracks and tears in the mucous membrane. It is recommended to use this method 2-5 times a week before bed.
- Grate the bar of laundry soap on a fine grater and pour into a clean jar. Stir one tablespoon of chips in a container with 0.5 liters of warm water. Draw the solution into a syringe and rinse the vagina several times. Laundry soap creates an environment unfavorable for the reproduction and further growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The danger of frequent use of such a product is drying out the mucous membrane: that is why it is used once a week.
- Dissolve 50 grams of calendula in a glass of boiling water and cover with a saucer. After 10–15 minutes, remove the remaining raw materials using a sieve and draw the solution into a syringe. Rinse several times. Calendula is the best natural anti-inflammatory remedy that relieves swelling, relieves itching and unpleasant discharge. The procedure should be performed daily before bed to achieve maximum results.
Photo gallery: basic folk remedies to combat the disease
Plantain improves soft tissue regeneration Soap creates an alkaline environment where germs die
Calendula reduces inflammation
Treatment prognosis and possible complications of pathology
Any inflammatory diseases pose a serious threat to the body, since microbes are easily transferred through the bloodstream to other places. That is why, with a long course of cervicitis without specific therapy, various complications arise. On average, it takes from 2 to 7 months to treat such an illness, and it takes several years to fully restore and rehabilitate the body. The success of therapy largely depends on the age of the victim, the presence of other acute or chronic infections (ureaplasmosis, candidiasis, syphilis, genital herpes).
Doctors advise postponing pregnancy for several years after suffering from cervicitis. This will allow the female body to adapt to the stress and bear a healthy baby.
Compliance with a special regime during treatment plays an important role. I have encountered one patient who suffered from manifestations of chronic cervicitis for 2 years. The doctor prescribed a course of therapy, consisting of taking medications and suppositories inserted into the vagina. During the treatment period, it was necessary to maintain sexual rest so as not to irritate the mucous membrane and not cause additional infection. Unfortunately, the patient did not comply with this rule, as a result of which another partner infected her with gonorrhea. In damaged tissues, pathogenic microorganisms began to develop much more actively, and inflammation spread to neighboring areas. The woman was urgently taken to the gynecology department and operated on. Due to the infection, adhesions formed over several years - areas of connective substance that disrupted the normal process of conception. The patient was unable to get pregnant on her own for a long time, after which she resorted to in vitro fertilization surgery.
What complications may occur in patients with cervicitis:
- reproductive dysfunction (temporary or permanent infertility);
- the formation of polyps - growths on the mucous membrane of the uterus;
- the formation of acute or chronic urinary tract infection (cystitis, urethritis,);
- pain during sexual intercourse;
- transition of the inflammatory process to the uterine cavity (myometritis, endometritis) or to the area of the ovaries and tubes;
- the occurrence of septic shock when microbes penetrate the systemic bloodstream and their further migration throughout the body.
Photo gallery: unpleasant consequences of cervicitis
A polyp is a protrusion of the mucous membrane into the lumen The adhesive process leads to female infertility Cystitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder Erosion is damage to the cellular layer in the cervical area
How to protect yourself from illness
Cervicitis is a fairly common pathology that leads to disruption of the reproductive functions of the female body. That is why many obstetrician-gynecologists make its prevention their direct task. For this purpose, anonymous health rooms are being created at various hospitals and clinics, where everyone can get a full consultation on an issue of interest and get tested.
While studying at medical university, I had the opportunity to participate in organizing seminars in gynecology, which were devoted to the problem of early infertility. For this, doctors selected more than 200 case histories of patients aged 18 to 30 years old who could not have children for some reason. During the analysis of the data obtained, it was found that 60% of them suffered from acute or chronic cervicitis, but did not consult a doctor. Doctors decided to organize a portable gynecological service in the form of a car with special equipment, where each patient can undergo examination. In the first few months, such a machine traveled to a couple of dozen schools, colleges and universities; many girls were able to get tested without any unnecessary queues. Using this method, many cases of cervicitis at the initial stage were identified, and specific treatment and restoration of reproductive health were started. After six months, almost all the patients were able to forget about the existing problem once and for all and have healthy offspring. Doctors decided to arrange such checks in combination with an annual preventive medical examination, which made it possible to detect other inflammatory diseases.
Rules for individual prevention of cervicitis:
- Choose the right way to protect yourself from unwanted pregnancy. Most inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system are a consequence of abortion. During these procedures, the mucous membrane is significantly damaged and sensitivity to microbial influences increases. That is why doctors strongly advise avoiding such interventions. To protect against unwanted pregnancy, suppositories, implants, the Nuvaring ring, hormonal contraceptives in pill form or condoms are used. The latter are recommended for use during sexual intercourse with a new partner: latex reliably protects against the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms that cause inflammation in the cervix.
- Follow the rules of personal hygiene. During menstruation, it is necessary to change the tampon or pad every 2-3 hours to prevent the development of bacteria in the thick layer of cotton wool. In the morning and evening, you need to wash your face using gentle intimate hygiene products. This will allow you to maintain cleanliness of the perineum and external genitalia throughout the day.
- Don't forget to watch your diet. An abundance of fatty, fried, smoked and salty foods is a serious blow to the body. Many sweets, savory snacks, carbonated drinks, processed foods and fast food contain harmful additives and flavor enhancers that slow down your metabolism. That is why patients with such a diet have a much greater predisposition to the development of inflammatory diseases. Doctors advise eating small portions and eating a lot of fresh vegetables, fruits, berries, cereals and lean meats, dairy products.
- Play sports and try to lead an active lifestyle. Constantly being in a forced position causes blood stagnation in the pelvic area. Various exercises help improve fluid circulation through the vessels, as a result of which the organs of the reproductive system receive the necessary amount of oxygen and nutrients. It is recommended to exercise in the gym 2-3 times a week, or choose another sport for yourself: swimming, tennis, active ball games. An alternative is dancing, yoga, and gymnastics. If you don’t have any time to visit the gym, you need to set aside 5-10 minutes during the day and do a light warm-up.
Cervicitis of the cervix is an inflammation in the vaginal part of the cervix. It occurs due to polymorphic causes (from the penetration of pathogenic microflora to mechanical damage). More often observed in women of childbearing age. The initial phase of the disease is asymptomatic. Then, as it progresses, a characteristic clinical picture gradually appears. The disease can be easily eliminated, but only if you consult a doctor in a timely manner.
Cervicitis of the cervix is a sluggish lesion, the appearance of which is preceded by various factors. The inflammatory process covers the squamous mucous epithelium of the cervical canal. The progression of the pathology is accompanied by pain and discharge. When the muscle layer of the cervix of the female reproductive organ is involved in the process, the patient’s condition is aggravated and requires immediate hospitalization. But in 95% of cases, women consult a doctor even with a superficial form of the disease.
Over a short period of time, the inflammatory process can spread to the inside of the female reproductive organ, causing endometritis. Treatment depends on the form of the disease and stage at the time of contacting a specialist. In addition to the main therapy, the patient is prescribed drugs to restore the natural microflora of the vagina (Gynoflor, Kipferon).
Symptoms
As the disease progresses, the following signs appear:
- Vaginal discharge. The secretion has an admixture of pus, is characterized by an unpleasant odor and abundance.
- Acute pain during intimacy.
- Lethargy, decreased performance, lack of appetite.
- Contact bleeding (occurs immediately after intimacy).
- Burning when urinating, unpleasant odor from urine.
- Pain at rest. Localization of the unpleasant sensation is the lower back, sacral region, urogenital tract, lower abdomen.
- Increased body temperature.
- Painful periods (accompanied by cramps and general weakness).
The symptoms that the patient herself can notice are listed; other signs of damage to the organ of the reproductive system are revealed only during the examination. The doctor determines the presence of swelling and redness of the external opening of the cervical canal, protrusion of its mucous membrane.
In aggravated clinical cases and in the chronic stage of inflammation, the specialist determines the presence of erosions and bruises on the tissues of the affected organ. Depending on the form of the lesion, the doctor visualizes blisters, polyps, cysts on the cervical canal - single or multiple.
Causes
The following reasons predispose to the formation of cervicitis:
- Insufficient or complete lack of intimate hygiene
- Low immunity
- Frequent and incorrect use of tampons during menstruation
- Infectious and inflammatory lesions of the reproductive system
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Frequent change of sexual partners
- A history of difficult labor (with injuries to the reproductive organs)
- Rough sexual activity, excesses
- Dysbacteriosis (not only of the vagina, but also of the intestines)
- Use of hygiene products of questionable quality
- Frequent and improper douching
- Herpes or human papilloma virus
Additional reasons are latex intolerance, partial prolapse of the intrauterine device and subsequent irritation of the cervical canal.
Types and forms
The disease is classified depending on the period of limitation (acute and chronic form), and the type of pathogen that provoked the pathological process.
More detailed information is given in the table.
Type of cervicitis | Its characteristics |
Spicy | It is characterized by a tendency to quickly spread to other pelvic organs (via lymph flow). |
Chronic | The reason for the development is the lack of treatment for inflammation in the acute stage. The predominant symptoms are periodic episodes of pain in the lower abdomen, discharge of mucous secretion from the vagina. |
Purulent | The etiology of development is all conditions of the female body in which the formation and discharge of pus occurs (adnexitis, endometritis). In 20% of clinical cases, a woman becomes infected from a sexual partner who is a carrier of gonorrhea. |
Viral | Occurs due to the presence of the herpes virus or human papillomavirus in the body. The pathology occurs with a severe general condition and an increase in body temperature to low levels. Its elimination takes more than 2 months. |
Bacterial | Develops due to the ingress of bacterial microflora (streptococci, staphylococci). A concomitant phenomenon is vaginal dysbiosis (disturbance of the acid-base balance). |
Atrophic | A predisposing factor to it is a protracted form of cervicitis. Other reasons are the presence of polyps, previous curettage (abortion), hormonal imbalance. The pathology occurs in the form of limited inflammation. |
Cystic | Refers to aggravated forms of the disease in question. Etiology is the simultaneous development of 2 pathological phenomena: cystic neoplasms and a combination of various infections. |
Based on the types of disease considered, a diagnosis is formed for a particular patient. For example, acute atrophic cervicitis or viral inflammation of the cervical canal of the cervix.
Spicy
Involves immediate hospitalization in the gynecology department. Thanks to the diagnosis, the presence of ovarian apoplexy and ectopic pregnancy is excluded.
Characteristic symptoms:
- Pain in the lower abdomen observed at rest
- Increased body temperature to high limits
- Weakness, dizziness, pale skin
- Irritation inside the urethra during urination
- Mucopurulent discharge from the genital tract
- Anterior abdominal wall tension
If you ignore the disorder in the acute phase of its development, the inflammatory process will take a protracted course. This form is less amenable to elimination, is more difficult to tolerate in terms of general well-being, and puts you at greater risk of complications.
Chronic
Chronic cervicitis is an inflammation, exacerbation of which occurs more often than once every six months. The danger of a protracted illness is the high risk of developing a tumor process or dysplasia. Both conditions are unfavorable for health and life. The reason for their formation is the thickening of the uterine walls under the influence of prolonged inflammation.
Purulent
The main symptom is abundant discharge of mucopurulent secretion from the vagina. Characterized by an increase in body temperature to high numbers. Inflammation quickly spreads to the internal uterine part, creating a favorable condition for the development of infertility.
Viral
It is considered the most severe form of cervicitis. During the examination, the doctor identifies characteristic rashes on the cervical canal - blisters grouped into one lesion, or papillomas. When having unprotected sex life, the patient's partner develops viral balanitis, balanoposthitis, urethritis or cystitis. A combination of the listed pathologies or the development of only one of them is possible.
Bacterial
It is the most common form of cervicitis of the cervix. Characteristic signs of the condition:
- Pain during urination, intimacy
- Vaginal discharge (has mucopurulent secretion, less often streaked with blood)
- Increased body temperature
- Itching in the vagina
The reasons for the development are non-compliance with hygiene measures (both by the woman herself and her partner). The main signs are identified during an examination in a gynecological chair.
Atrophic
The tissue of the cervix becomes thinner, but swelling and redness are secondary symptoms. Pain and urination disorders predominate. The very first manifestation of atrophic cervicitis is discomfort during intimacy, a feeling of increased dryness inside the vagina.
In addition to the main treatment, this form of pathology is removed through hormonal therapy. To normalize the tone of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal, progesterone and estrogens are prescribed.
Cystic
The pathological process is asymptomatic for a long time. The glands located in the cervical part of the cervical canal become inflamed. As a result of this, the cylindrical epithelium increases and multiple cysts are formed. The inflammation worsens, and as a result, the patient’s general well-being. The main symptoms of the inflammatory process are determined mainly during the study, since cysts do not manifest specific signs.
Who's at risk
Women who often change partners; suffered injuries during childbirth; They don't take care of hygiene. The risk group also includes those who frequently perform abortions and have unprotected sex life (do not use contraceptives).
Possible complications
This type of disease creates a favorable condition for the development of infertility, erosion, polyps, and inflammation of the pelvic structures. The most dangerous complication is a malignant neoplasm of the female reproductive organ. The transformation of physiological uterine cells into atypical ones occurs due to the inflammatory process, especially caused by viruses.
Other possible consequences are associated not only with the characteristics of the development of the disease, but also with the possible consequences of therapy. In particular, surgical treatment can cause regular bleeding from the operated area.
Damage to the cervical canal negatively affects the current pregnancy. The presence of an inflammatory focus in the body poses a risk of moving to the upper sections, where the developing fetus is located. Exposure to pathogenic microflora leads to the appearance of intrauterine changes in the child associated with the structure of the heart, brain, and lungs.
The disease is incompatible with pregnancy, since the pathology cannot be eliminated during the gestation period. Violations in the cervical canal are eliminated mainly with antibiotics, which is unacceptable for a developing fetus. Also, due to the incompetence of the cervix, cervicitis poses a threat of miscarriage or premature birth.
Which doctor should I contact?
Along with other diseases of the female reproductive system, cervicitis of the cervix is eliminated by a gynecologist. You can contact a specialist in this profile without first visiting a therapist. If cervicitis is the cause of urination problems, you will need to consult a urologist.
Diagnostics
To establish the pathology of the type in question, the patient will have to undergo:
- Gynecological examination using speculum
- Colposcopy
- Ultrasound using a transvaginal probe
- Laboratory tests: determination of vaginal pH level, PCR diagnostics, blood and urine tests (clinical, biochemical)
Additional types of examination depend on the root cause of the disease, its duration, and type.
Treatment
If cervicitis occurs due to pathogens entering the vagina, treatment is predominantly conservative. Especially when the clinical case is not burdened by the formation of cysts. But the type of disease in question also requires surgical treatment. Indication – the presence of neoplasms or other adverse effects (dysplasia, erosion, polyps).
Relieving an adverse event requires an integrated approach, which includes:
- Systemic antibacterial therapy
- Use of topical medicinal products
- Refusal of intimate life
- Performing hygiene procedures
- Diet
Antibiotics are prescribed for injection and only if a response from a bacteriological study is received. This laboratory diagnostic method allows you to identify a specific causative agent of inflammation. Prescribe daily twice-administered antibiotics with an interval of 12 hours (course - from 5 days), more often - intramuscularly.
Medicinal products prescribed for topical use are vaginal suppositories with antibacterial or antiviral properties. Contraindications for their administration are individual intolerance, menstruation, pregnancy. The administration regimen is prescribed by the attending physician, but often - 2 r. per day at regular intervals.
Sexual rest is necessary for the healing of damaged areas of the inflamed organ. Hygienic procedures ensure timely elimination of pathological discharge (purulent, mucous), which contributes to recovery. The use of hygienic tampons is contraindicated. Traditional treatment boils down to the use of sitz baths with a warm chamomile solution. Douching is prohibited during the period of treatment of the disease in question.
- Refusal of spicy, sour, salty dishes and foods
- Exclusion of coffee, alcohol, carbonated drinks, fermented milk products and fruit drinks
- Small meals that will not contribute to constipation (with inflammation of the reproductive system, this unfavorable phenomenon increases pain)
Surgical treatment involves the elimination of cysts, erosions or polyps through the use of liquid nitrogen, chemical solutions, and a laser beam. Electrocoagulation (cauterization of the lesion or neoplasm itself) has almost never been used in recent years. The reason is the high risk of side effects.
Prevention
The appearance of cervicitis of the cervix in 90% of cases can be avoided if you follow the following recommendations:
- Carry out hygiene procedures in a timely manner, avoid using tampons during menstruation
- Refuse to have promiscuous sex life.
- If latex is intolerant, use alternative methods of contraception. If you are inexperienced in this matter, you can contact a gynecologist and choose the best option for contraception together with your doctor.
- Avoid frequent douching.
- Eliminate disorders in the reproductive system in a timely manner, preventing their spectrum from expanding and spreading to the cervical canal.
- Avoid uncontrolled use of medications that can cause intestinal dysbiosis and, as a result, disruption of the vaginal microflora.
- If you suspect partial prolapse of the intrauterine device, immediately contact a gynecologist.
Other preventive measures are refusal to perform abortions, strengthening the immune system (by normalizing nutrition, administering vitamins). Regular visits to the gynecologist will allow timely detection of an unfavorable process inside the genital tract. Especially if the cervix was injured during childbirth or the woman is in an early state after an abortion.
Conclusion
Cervicitis of the cervix is a disease of inflammatory origin. You may not be aware of its presence in the body for a long time. Half of the symptoms are detected only during a gynecological examination. The inflammatory process itself adversely affects general well-being and increases the likelihood of infertility or the risk of rejection of the fertilized egg. For some types of cervicitis, not only the patient, but also her sexual partner undergoes therapy. Comprehensive treatment of pathology increases the chance of a favorable prognosis.
Video: Treatment of cervicitis in women
A fairly common complaint with which patients consult a gynecologist is bacterial cervicitis. The disease is infectious in nature, the inflammatory process in this case is localized in the cervical canal itself or in the vagina in the area bordering the cervix. In the first case, the diagnosis is called endocervicitis, in the second - exocervicitis.
Among the causes of infectious endocervicitis are: ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, gonococcal infection, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infection.
Bacterial cervicitis, which occurs exogenously, develops against the background of damage to the mucous membranes by the herpes virus, trichomoniasis, papillomavirus, and actinomycetes. In addition, the cause of exogenous bacterial cervicitis can be genitourinary.
Symptoms of bacterial cervicitis
The most common symptoms of bacterial cervicitis are dysuria, dull pain in the lower abdomen, and pain during sexual intercourse. In addition, patients are concerned about vaginal discharge, which can have a different consistency, be scanty or abundant, mixed with pus or mucus.
As part of the diagnosis, the doctor examines the cervix using a speculum or colposcope. The physical signs of cervicitis, visible only to a specialist, include redness and severe swelling of the tissue around the opening of the cervical canal. The gynecologist may see some bleeding on the mucous membrane of the vaginal walls and in the cervical area. With herpetic cervicitis, the cervix has a bright red color, its surface becomes loose and ulcerated. Petechial hemorrhages or “strawberry cervix” are considered a characteristic sign of trichomoniadic cervicitis. Damage to the cervix by actinomycetes, which is characterized by the “yellow granular spot” syndrome, also has its own specificity.
The PCR method helps to determine exactly the type of causative agent of cervicitis. To carry it out, a smear is taken from the surface of the cervix. Such a study allows us to identify herpetic lesions, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, etc. The presence of bacterial vaginosis can be confirmed using the Amsel criteria, as well as Nugent scores.
Such methods help to quickly diagnose bacterial cervicitis and select effective treatment in a short time.
Treatment of bacterial cervicitis
Treatment of bacterial cervicitis is carried out with sulfonamide drugs and antibiotics. For chlamydial cervicitis, doxycycline, Tarivid or tetracycline is prescribed.