Comparative assessment of the state of the microvasculature of the nail bed and bulbar conjunctiva in patients with systemic scleroderma with different clinical course. Diagnosis of the body with the help of a capillaroscope. Microcirculation. microvessel
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Capillaroscopy is a technique for visual examination of capillaries during a person's lifetime. For the procedure, a special device is used, which is called the capillaroscope. The full name of this method is as follows - wide-field capillaroscopy of the nail bed. The research process is carried out under a slight magnification of the microscope (from 12 to 100 times). Capillaries are often examined in the fold of the nail bed, as well as in the mucous membrane of the lower lip. Through this type of study, it is possible to determine various types of capillary changes in circulatory disorders. This method is not the main one, but allows you to supplement the general clinical examination. Let's get acquainted with this technique in more detail and find out how capillaroscopy is performed.
What is capillaroscopy used for?
Why is a capillary examination performed? Despite the fact that the procedure is practically little known (when compared with gastroscopy or laparoscopy), it is a significant type of study through which you can determine the state of blood vessels, identify abnormalities in the functioning of internal organs, and also study the principle of blood supply to the brain.
Through capillaroscopy, it is possible to determine the principle of operation of the functioning of the heart muscle, the speed and density of blood flow, as well as pressure and to identify swelling in the tissues. Conducting a study in children allows you to determine the presence of congenital pathologies and anomalies, as well as to assess the level of endurance of the body of an adult.
Capillaroscopic examination is the only way by which it is possible to more accurately establish the causes of the development of various symptoms indicating pathology and deviation. Indications for capillaroscopy are the following factors:
- frequent headaches;
- deterioration of well-being;
- disorders of the cardiovascular system;
- fainting that occurs for no reason;
- various degrees of curvature of the spine;
- hand soreness.
People are used to not paying much attention to such symptoms, but if the causes and pathologies are not determined in a timely manner, then the patient will not be cured. The main advantage of capillaroscopy over other diagnostic methods is the fact that it allows you to prevent the development of the disease, while other methods make it possible to eliminate various kinds of consequences. Those consequences are:
- Diabetes disease.
- Hypertension.
- Pathological problems with the kidneys.
- Ischemic pathologies in the heart and brain.
Based on this, it should be noted that the capillaroscopic research technique allows:
- prevent the development of serious types of diseases and complications;
- evaluate the effectiveness of a particular method of treatment;
- identify the presence of positive changes after the course of treatment.
According to medical studies, it has been found that the disturbed function of microcirculation leads to the fact that a person quickly ages and develops various diseases. More than 80% of ailments in humans are associated precisely with a disturbed system of blood flow microcirculation.
Benefits of capillaroscopy
To conduct the study of capillaries, a special device is used. It is through this device that it is possible to monitor the state of the smallest vessels in the body. This device has a special lens, through which the doctor assesses the density of capillaries, their shapes, as well as their location and thickness.
The main advantages of capillaroscopy are:
- High accuracy of readings. Through this type of diagnosis, the possibility of making an erroneous diagnosis is excluded.
- Absence of soreness. The study is carried out through the skin, so the technique does not require punctures, which means it is absolutely painless.
- Safety. The absence of the need to perform a puncture and radiation reduces the fact that capillary examination is a completely safe procedure.
- Research speed. The duration of the procedure takes no more than 5 minutes.
- Uniqueness. It is possible to examine the capillaries only with the help of a capillaroscope, while other devices do not allow such a procedure to be carried out.
Based on these advantages, the importance and significance of capillaroscopic examination can be noted. How the examination procedure is carried out, we will find out further.
Features of the study
Capillaroscopy is carried out according to a certain scheme. The process begins with the fact that a few drops of glycerin and vaseline oil are applied to the surface of the nail roller. Through these substances, the epidermis layer is enlightened. After 2-3 minutes after applying these substances, the finger of the hand is fixed on a special stand.
The finger is fixed in such a way that the enlightened area of the epidermis is strictly under the lens of the device. After that, side lighting is supplied, and the hand itself is placed on a special bag of sand or a stand. This allows you to remove physical stress, which has a negative impact on the research process.
The doctor begins to examine the capillaries, whereby he changes the location of the tube and examines small vessels. These vessels are drawn on paper or photographed, depending on the instrument itself.
Capillaries have corresponding shapes, on the basis of which deviations and pathologies are determined, as well as color. They are predominantly red in color, and are located close to each other, creating a kind of palisade.
If a study is carried out at 80x magnification, then about 40-60 capillaries are visible. You can also see the arterioles and branches of the venous network. If a person has pathologies and health problems, then the background of the microscopic field will be completely different. First of all, the capillaries will be cloudy, have the shape of a "eight", and also squirm repeatedly.
The research sequence is as follows:
- To begin with, the doctor examines the entire surface of the nail plate. On examination, attention is drawn to such points as the shape and nature of blood flow in the capillaries.
- Research continues by detailed examination of any site.
- The number of capillaries is counted, and the presence of anastomoses and aneurysmal disorders is recorded.
After the examination, the results of the tests are given to the patient, with which he should contact his treating doctor.
Research results
Based on the results of the study, the attending physician draws a conclusion and, if necessary, prescribes the appropriate treatment for the patient. Healthy capillaries look like a lady's hairpin, and other forms indicate the presence of diseases. In order for a person to always have healthy capillaries, we need the following factors:
- take time to rest;
- engage in sports and gymnastic exercises;
- do not abuse alcohol, smoking and drugs;
- lead a healthy lifestyle, and eat only healthy food;
- read interesting books and spend time with nice people;
- travel and enjoy life.
Cheerful and cheerful people not only live longer, but they also get sick less. Stress and anxiety are the main causes of human diseases. The study of capillaries can be done as prescribed by the attending physician, or independently, by making an appointment in advance.
“I see signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia, a slight swelling in the tissues and a slightly increased blood density,” explains physician Maria Masalova, examining my ring fingers under a microscope. You don’t need serious treatment, but your capillaries are “asking” to slightly adjust your lifestyle: move more, have a good rest and increase fluid intake.” We introduce you to a new type of analysis, which some call capillaroscopy of the nail bed - then you will learn what can be learned from the diagnosis received.
It’s hard to argue: outdoor walks in the metropolis, in the “work-home” mode, are still not enough. And walking, says the doctor, you need at least two hours a day, and the road to work and back is not taken into account. Maria explains: the weakened blood circulation, which leads to hypodynamia, impoverishes the nutrition of tissues and organs, forming edema. It is also worth taking care of good sleep and consuming at least two liters of water during the day.
“There is no need to be afraid that you will drink a lot of water, and in the morning it will “collect” under your eyes,” says Maria Vladimirovna. - If there are no complaints about the work of the kidneys, the liquid will come out with urine and sweat without any problems. Salt retains water in the body - remember this when compiling your diet. Avoid excesses in salty dishes.
I learned this truth about myself after a few minutes of examination “under the microscope”. Before pointing a magnifying glass, the doctor lubricates the cuticles on the ring fingers with camphor oil. And after a few minutes, the capillaries tell the specialist about all the hidden problems in the body of the “experimental”.
Capillaroscopy allows safe (no risk of infection), informative, accessible and understandable even for the patient to assess the state of the vessels of the whole body, to identify possible malfunctions in the internal organs, - explains the doctor. With its help, we determine how the blood supply to the brain occurs, how the pumping function of the heart works, the pressure, speed and density of the blood, and there is swelling in the tissues. The method also makes it possible to determine congenital anomalies of blood vessels in newborns, to assess the level of endurance of an adult's body. Nail bed capillaroscopy examines venous capillaries.
“I often repeat to both colleagues and patients that capillaries are a kind of arbiter of the well-being of the cardiovascular system,” says Uliana Lushchik, Doctor of Medical Sciences, scientific director of the Clinic for Healthy Vessels. Human health determines the state of the small vessels of the body. If everything is in order with the capillaries, then the cardiovascular system is normal. Their condition reflects the biological age of a person.
Lack of blood supply to the capillaries (the so-called shadow capillaries) indicates early aging of the body. If the number of shadow capillaries exceeds 30%, the patient has a high risk of developing vascular critical conditions of a catastrophic nature - a stroke, a heart attack, which is equivalent to a car accident when the car cannot be repaired and restored.
Ulyana Lushchik claims that absolutely all diseases of the cardiovascular system begin with violations in the capillaries. A capillaroscope, a highly sensitive device made using the latest technologies, helps to notice changes in the capillary network. With its help, vascular diseases are diagnosed at the earliest stages, when the clinical picture is still not very pronounced. And if you recognize the problem at this level, you can cure a person quickly and effectively, these are the main tasks of nail bed capillaroscopy.
What does a capillaroscope look like?
“Out of 200 patients who underwent capillaroscopy, one in five had pronounced signs of blood supply deficiency, one in seven had atypical forms of capillaries, one in three suffered from a violation of arteriole tone, severe spasm, one in two had some signs of venous stasis of varying degrees,” says Lushchik. This is an alarming beacon that indicates serious problems with the health of citizens.”
It is important to identify abnormal blood circulation in the capillaries and veins.
It turns out that in the human body there are one hundred thousand kilometers of capillaries! Each capillary is like a microheart. 10000000000 micro hearts work daily, delivering nutrients to tissues and removing harmful metabolic products. Only small vessels, according to Ulyana Lushchik, can do this.
If blood circulation in the capillaries and veins is disturbed, blood stasis and a metabolic failure will occur. Therefore, immunity will decrease, chronic diseases will become aggravated and new diseases will arise, there will be a violation of sleep and concentration, memory loss. “Even short-term loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, coldness of the fingers of the extremities, instability of pressure and pulse are possible,” she warns. “If blood circulation in the capillaries stops, tissues will begin to die.” The most sensitive to circulatory disorders is the brain and spinal cord, the skeletal system, so the first sensations in the patient are headaches, pain in the bones and joints.
If, after treatment or lifestyle changes, capillaries resumed, the person feels rejuvenated, Maria Masalova adds. The impression that "dropped" from a dozen years. This is noticeable even visually: your posture changes, memory improves, endurance increases. If the grandmother used to just sit for a walk and watch her grandchildren, then after the “correction of capillaries” she already accompanies the baby. A person’s mood improves, and depressive states are relieved as if by hand.
Of course, if you constantly monitor the state of your body and treat it in time (if necessary), then you should not worry, says Ulyana Lushchik. “In order to have healthy capillaries, it is necessary to regularly (and not from time to time) engage in physical education, sports, do not overeat, do not abuse alcohol and avoid low-quality products,” the specialist notes.
Try to rationally combine working time and outdoor activities, have a good sleep (8-10 hours a day). It balances possible stresses with joyful life moments - communicate more with people you like, read interesting books, travel, devote time to your favorite hobby.
Capillaroscopy is a special device for capillaries visible on the fingers or on the surface of the eye. Its advantage is that the doctor observes the capillary blood flow in the "natural environment", and this increases the accuracy of diagnosis. The procedure is painless, has no contraindications and takes only 15 minutes.
A healthy capillary is ideally like a "lady's hairpin"
A healthy capillary is similar to a lady's hairpin (hairpin). Various deviations from the "ideal" indicate pathology. For example, a decrease in blood flow, the formation of clots warns of the possible development of coronary heart disease, the brain, the development of endarteritis, thrombophlebitis. Capillaroscopy also helps to diagnose angiopathy in diabetic patients.
You can make a diagnosis of the condition of your capillaries with us, by appointment, for free. Call us at the numbers listed in the contacts.
Changes at the level of microvessels are detected earlier than the first clinical signs of the disease appear.
You will have more time to take action and prevent the disease from developing. It's easier to prevent than to treat!
If you decide to lead a more active lifestyle (exercise on simulators, in gyms, etc.) - explore the microcirculation.
Only the microvascular bed ensures the normal functioning of the organism. If physical activity is not adequate to the capabilities of your circulatory system, it will inevitably lead to the development of pathological processes in various organs and tissues.
All parts of the cardiovascular system perform specific, only their inherent functions. The heart provides the movement of blood. Large blood vessels transport blood to organs. But the normal functioning of any organ depends on the state of small blood vessels, since only at their level oxygen and nutrients enter the cells from the blood, and unnecessary metabolic products are carried away from the cells.
All microvessels are combined into a single microcirculation system, which ensures the normal functioning of the body.
Each person is individual, unique, and each has its own specific microcirculation. In some people, microvessels are sharply narrowed (spasm) and microcirculation is accelerated. Under conditions of such circulatory disorders, organs that are very sensitive to ischemia (heart, gonads, etc.) begin to suffer. In some people, the movement of blood in microvessels (stagnation) is slowed down and the functioning of other organs worsens (gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, etc.). Often a person feels unwell, feels weak, lethargic, pains in the heart area, dizziness, etc., and the results of all diagnostic studies are absolutely normal. This does not mean that the person is healthy. The disease has already begun to develop, and the microcirculation system already shows what can be expected in the future. Pathological changes at the level of microvessels are observed early, when there are still no clinical manifestations of the disease. It should be borne in mind that at this time, when the microcirculation system is being rebuilt in order to allow the body to function relatively normally even under pathological conditions, the microvessels themselves are damaged and suffer. When the disease manifests itself, it becomes necessary to treat not only the organ, but also the peripheral circulation. This is much more difficult.
is an essential part of the human circulatory system. Microcirculation in it delivers the necessary substances, oxygen, hormones and biologically active structures to the tissue cells, which remove decay products. The state of normal patency or functioning of the capillaries is directly related to many factors, including the level of venous outflow, the state of the capillary sphincters, and the pressure in the arteriole. Non-invasive (without penetration) diagnostics is considered one of the priority areas of medical research worldwide. Speaking of it, the words “bloodless”, “painless”, “harmless” are often used. Capillaroscopy makes it possible to diagnose many diseases (or predispositions of diseases)
The cause of any disease is the pathology of capillaries The beginning of any vascular pathology, the development of which in most cases is easily prevented with the help of modern medical technologies, is associated with circulatory disorders in the smallest blood vessels - capillaries. Although the length of one such vessel is no more than 1 mm, the total length of all capillaries reaches 100,000 km. Figuratively speaking, each capillary is a microheart with two halves: arterial and venous. 10 trillion tiny arteries and veins daily and tirelessly supply the tissues and cells of the body with nutrient-rich blood and regulate the outflow of harmful metabolic products. In almost all organs and tissues of the body, these microvessels form blood networks. As soon as the capillaries stop
blood circulation, necrotic changes occur in the tissues - they die. That is why these microvessels are the most important part of the bloodstream. Most modern diagnostic methods for examining blood vessels (angiography, Doppler ultrasound) make it possible to determine the state of blood circulation only in medium and large main vessels, changes in which indicate that the disease has already entered the stage at which it is too late to talk about prevention. Violation of the functioning of capillaries contributes to circulatory disorders,
which causes stagnation of blood, metabolic disorders, resulting in a decrease in immunity, exacerbation of chronic and the development of new diseases. Therefore, so it is important to identify circulatory disorders at the initial stage. Non-invasive diagnostics allows you to identify circulatory disorders. Diagnostic procedure
The procedure for this non-invasive diagnostics(without penetration) is simple and painless, does not take much time, but at the same time gives an accurate result. Before going for capillaroscopy, you should know that on the eve of this non-invasive diagnosis, you need to limit fluid intake and try to avoid exposure to the skin of the fingers of chemicals, because it is the fingers, or rather, the nail bed, that will become a direct object of study. The patient's nail bed is introduced into the focus of the capillaroscope, after which it is studied and evaluated according to a number of parameters. Advantagescapillaroscopy: uniqueness (other devices cannot “see” the capillaries); Painlessness No risk of infection Capillary blood flow is observed in the "natural environment", which increases the accuracy of diagnosis. A healthy capillary is shaped like a lady's hairpin. A healthy capillary is similar in shape to a lady's hairpin. Various deviations from the ideal speak of pathology. For example, a decrease in blood flow velocity, the formation of clots warns of the possibility of developing ischemic changes, the development of endarteritis, thrombophlebitis. One of the promising areas is the diagnosis of angiopathy (vascular damage) in patients with diabetes mellitus. Having received such data, the specialist prescribes preventive measures. Detection of early stages of vascular disorders using capillaroscopy opens up completely new possibilities for their prevention and treatment in the early stages of the disease. It is known that prevention is much better than cure, and treating the initial stage of the disease is better than the chronic stage.
Capillary configuration: capillary loops in the form of hairpins (a) - (c), tortuous loops (d), bushy appearance (e), glomerular (f), widening of the loops in the initial, upper and initial and final parts (g) - (i), widening of microscopic veins (k)-(l) and giant loop (m). Distribution of capillaries: normal (n), disordered (o), local rarefaction (p), rarefaction on the sides of the enlarged loop (q). Other features: exudates (r), exudates in the form of "necklaces" (s).
Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive study of capillaries, capillary blood flow and aggregates of blood cells. The work is based on the method of studying biological objects using a special microscope equipped with a digital camera. The study is carried out on a device developed by JSC Center "Analysis of Substances". Since 2011, CAV has been a resident of the Skolkovo Innovation Center.
The study is non-invasive, painless, in real time.
The structure of the capillary itself, the area around the capillary, the blood flow in it, the presence of aggregates of blood cells are studied.
The scope is very wide: cardiology, neurology, phlebology, endocrinology, rheumatology, sports medicine and etc.
Capillaroscopy allows you to determine the signs characteristic of changes in the vascular bed in arterial hypertension, to quantify the presence of latent edema.
This method is of great help in correcting drug treatment in patients with cardiac pathology, which implies a high risk of thrombosis - with atrial fibrillation, after prosthetic heart valves, stenting of the coronary arteries, with thrombophlebitis.
This method allows to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment by the aggregation state of blood, the state of blood rheology in hematological practice. Capillaroscopy is an indispensable diagnostic method for diabetic angiopathy, Raynaud's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma. In sports medicine, the method is applicable to assess the training regime and the recovery process.
The object of study is the cuticle of the fingers or toes. The capillaries of the nail bed are examined using an optical system (powerful microscope) at magnification 200x, 400x, 800x , during which all key parameters of microcirculation are calculated using a computer program.
The study is carried out on an empty stomach or a few hours after a light meal. Before the study, do not drink strong tea, coffee, alcohol, do not drink excessive amounts of liquid. It is forbidden to smoke before the study.
Rational care of the nail bed is necessary: do not expose the skin of your fingers to the action of gasoline, washing powder, soda, acetone, varnish, etc., do not cut off the skin near the nail bed.
Limitations for capillaroscopy:
- fungal lesions of the tissues of the nail phalanges;
- burns of the hands and / or feet;
- traumatic lesions of the hands and / or feet;
- mechanical damage to the cuticle of the fingers;
- deterioration of light scattering of the skin of the fingers, due to exposure to aggressive chemical compounds.
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