Is it possible to undergo an ultrasound? Ultrasound - what it is and why it is used in medicine. Ultrasound diagnostic device
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Ultrasound research has a history of more than forty years. Over such a long period, many scientific studies have been conducted proving the absolute harmlessness of these procedures.
Neither in our country nor abroad have any health problems been reported in people exposed to ultrasound even several dozen times.
How does ultrasound work?
When conducting such a study, ultrasonic waves penetrate our body, and since the tissues of the human body have varying acoustic resistance, they absorb or reflect them. As a result, different environments appear lighter or darker on the ultrasound machine screen.
To study each organ, its own wave parameters are used, for example, the thyroid gland is examined at a frequency of 7.5 MHz, and to diagnose the condition of the abdominal organs, 2.5 - 3.5 MHz is needed. It all depends on the characteristics of the tissues present in a certain location.
During an ultrasound examination, mild heating of tissue occurs, however, it is carried out in such a short time that it does not have time to affect the condition of the body and is not felt by the patient.
How many times can you do an ultrasound?
Considering its low price and simplicity, this type of diagnosis can be carried out as often as desired. The only question is: does the patient need such an intensive examination and does an increase in the number of ultrasounds performed affect the accuracy of the diagnosis? That is why the frequency of examinations is determined by the attending physician, and the optimal number of diagnostic sessions is prescribed. Ultrasound effects on the body are absolutely harmless, modern science has long proven this:
Scientists have been studying the effects of sound waves on the body for a long time, but no negative effects on humans have been found. Several times, opponents of ultrasound conducted experiments on laboratory mice, but their results did not confirm the harm of these diagnostic procedures. This is natural, because close relatives of laboratory rodents - bats - have been using ultrasound for orientation in space for many thousands of years, and have not yet become extinct;
The consequences of ultrasound do not affect the state of the body, and ultrasound waves do not accumulate in organs and tissues. To say this is the same as saying that our body accumulates light from light bulbs falling on it or gusts of wind from passing electric trains. Such an examination does not change any tissue parameters; it is not a therapeutic, but a diagnostic procedure.
It is always easier to prevent a disease than to cure it, and thanks to modern ultrasound, this is quite easy to do. Visit your doctor regularly, even if there are no complaints, because many pathologies are asymptomatic. In this article we will tell you which organs ultrasound is performed on women when it is necessary to identify hidden pathologies. A screening examination must be completed every year.
Comprehensive abdominal ultrasound - 1000 rubles, Comprehensive pelvic ultrasound - 1000 rubles. Ultrasound of the mammary glands with lymph nodes - 1000 rubles.
What is screening and why you need to do an ultrasound?
Screening is a set of diagnostic methods that allow you to study your health status in detail. Screening for women's health is different from screening for men. Screening will also differ for people of different ages - for many pathologies there are risk groups based on age. For example, hormonal imbalance threatens women during menopause, STDs and thrush come along with sexual activity, and painful periods are a common problem for girls.
Ultrasound examination is the most accessible, informative and safe diagnostic method in many areas of medicine. At the same time, patients should be attracted not only by the low cost of the examination. Only with the help of ultrasound can you examine many organs simultaneously, identifying the most complex pathologies. That is why this technique is used as the primary examination method. Having noticed problems, the doctor prescribes clarifying procedures.
Unfortunately, ultrasound has to be supplemented by a far from safe and sometimes very unpleasant examination - radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), biopsy, etc. Therefore, these techniques are left as a last resort if the diagnosis after ultrasound remains doubtful.
Which organs and how often should a woman have an ultrasound scan?
This list is individual - much depends on lifestyle and predisposition: whether there are chronic or hereditary pathologies. However, there is a universal set of screening examinations for patients of different ages.
What ultrasound should a woman perform at 20–30 years old?
Required ultrasound examinations:
- Ultrasound of the pelvic organs with a detailed examination of the female reproductive organs - once every six months.
- Ultrasound of the mammary glands - after 25 years, once a year.
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity - once a year.
- Ultrasound of the kidneys - once every 3 years.
Additional types of examination for problems with conception:
- Ultrasound of the uterus.
- Ultrasound of the ovaries.
- Ultrasound of the appendages.
Additional types of examination during and after pregnancy:
- - pubic symphysis.
Additional tests and examinations for women under 30 years of age
The list of tests for young women is quite wide, this is due to the fact that it is during this period that girls begin to become sexually active; the first pregnancies and births occur between the ages of 20 and 30. During this same period, infertility manifests itself.
Women starting from 20 years old need:
- gynecological examination with a colposcope - once a year;
- general blood test once a year;
- blood for hepatitis and HIV - once a year;
- blood pressure measurement - when visiting a doctor;
- fluorography - once a year;
- hormone tests - for irregular periods;
Regular visits to the dentist and ophthalmologist are also required.
A screening examination will exclude common diseases that are typical for women of this age and are asymptomatic:
- anemia and blood pathologies;
- hypertension;
- tuberculosis;
- cervical erosion;
- vaginitis;
- ovarian cyst;
- endometriosis;
- mastopathy;
- oncology.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs is the main examination of women of childbearing age
We need to tell you more about this examination, because pelvic ultrasound is the most important procedure for every woman. And if other methods can be neglected in the absence of complaints, it is strictly necessary to examine the female internal reproductive organs.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs reveals many pathologies at an early stage of development, including the causes of infertility - every third woman faces problems with conception. The study is absolutely safe, so it is carried out even during pregnancy.
The conclusion includes an assessment of the parameters of several organs at once. The description of the uterus consists of an assessment of the location, contours, size and its structure, and a detailed description of the size of the ovaries is given. Normally, the fallopian tubes are practically not visualized on ultrasound; they usually become visible during inflammation and ectopic pregnancy. The diagnostic description of the bladder includes such indicators as the size and shape of the walls of the organ, volume, amount of residual urine, the presence of sand or stones, etc.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs in women allows timely detection of the following pathologies:
- uterine fibroids;
- fibroma;
- endometriosis;
- abnormal structure of the uterus;
- ovarian cyst;
- ovarian dysfunction;
- endometrial hyperplasia;
- pelvic organs;
- polycystic ovary syndrome;
- ectopic or frozen pregnancy.
Methods of performing female ultrasound, preparation
The examination can be carried out in three ways:
Transabdominal– through the outer wall of the abdominal cavity. The most comfortable, but in some situations not informative enough way to examine the reproductive organs. As a rule, the doctor uses this method for a general examination, during pregnancy, for virgins and women with vaginal malformations.
Careful preparation for the procedure is required. 2–3 days before it, you need to avoid eating foods that increase gas formation. (carbonated drinks, beans, fresh fruits and vegetables, yeast and dairy products, etc.). Start in 24 hours take enterosorbents (smecta, espumizan, activated carbon, etc.). During the ultrasound, the bladder should be full, so it is recommended 1 hour before the examination, drink 1 liter of liquid (still and non-dairy). If there is a clear urge to urinate, the procedure can be performed.
Transvaginally– by inserting a sensor into the vagina. The most informative and accurate method, however, a feeling of discomfort during insertion of the sensor is possible. Contraindications to the use of the method are virginity and the presence of vaginal malformations. No special preparation is required. It is only necessary to completely empty the bladder immediately before the ultrasound. If there is an increased tendency to gas formation, it is recommended to take enterosorbents (espumisan, activated coal, etc.), for constipation - conduct a cleansing enema.
Transrectally– by inserting a sensor into the rectum. The method is absolutely painless, but very uncomfortable for the woman. It is carried out in certain cases when TAU turned out to be insufficiently informative, and TVU cannot be performed for objective reasons (virginity, atresia (fusion), severe stenosis (narrowing) of the vaginal opening, etc.).
Prepare for the procedure in the same way as for TVU. Additionally, you need to cleanse the intestines within 8–9 hours using an enema, microenema, glycerin suppository or laxative.
Depending on the purposes of the study, the characteristics of the menstrual cycle should be taken into account.
What kind of ultrasound is necessary for a woman aged 30–40 years?
In the period from 30 to 40 years you need to undergo annually:
- Ultrasound of the abdominal organs, in particular the gallbladder and kidneys. It is these organs that often suffer in women after 30 years of age. The gallbladder does not cope well with stress after fatty and fried foods. Kidney complications result in difficult childbirth. cystitis, infectious diseases.
- Ultrasound of the mammary glands. This age is considered very dangerous in terms of cancer tumors. By the age of 40, almost every woman has experienced childbirth, hormonal imbalances caused by abortions and improper use of birth control pills. Immunity deteriorates. All this affects the condition of the mammary glands. Breast cancer is in second place
- Ultrasound of the thyroid glandfollowed by consultation with an endocrinologist.
- Pelvic ultrasound.
Additional tests and examinations for women from 30 to 40 years old
At this age, a woman needs to undergo the following examinations (in addition to the previous list) regularly every 1 - 1.5 years:
- blood lipid profile study;
- blood sugar;
- measurement of body mass indexes;
In middle-aged women, the risk of heart attacks and strokes increases due to the increased formation of atherosclerosis. Timely diagnosis and correction with medications and diet will prevent this threat.
At the age of forty, the likelihood of developing breast cancer increases significantly, so an ultrasound scan that can detect the slightest lump or tumor is extremely necessary. At this age, a set of examinations will help prevent chronic pancreatitis, peptic ulcers, cholelithiasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ultrasound of the abdominal organs is the most important examination for middle-aged women
This procedure for women approaching the age of 40 is just as important as a pelvic ultrasound. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity involves scanning the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, gallbladder with bile ducts, genitourinary system, blood vessels, and retroperitoneal space.
Ultrasound of the abdominal organs allows you to diagnose a number of pathologies:
- acute and chronic hepatitis;
- cirrhosis;
- fatty infiltration;
- cysts;
- benign and malignant neoplasms;
- abscesses;
- cholelithiasis;
- acute and chronic cholecystitis;
- disturbances in the outflow of bile;
- acute and chronic pancreatitis;
- developmental anomalies;
- cholestasis;
- infectious and inflammatory processes;
- signs of hypertension;
- the presence of plaques, stenoses, blood clots.
Preparation for screening ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and kidneys
The scanning is carried out using an external ultrasonic sensor. Preparation includes following a 3-day slag-free diet with the exclusion of gas-forming products from the diet (carbonated drinks, yeast and dairy products, etc.), as well as taking enterosorbents (espumisan, activated carbon) and food enzymes (mezim, festal).
Ultrasound is performed on an empty stomach, so the last meal should be 8 to 12 hours before. It is recommended to refrain from bad habits and chewing gum on the eve of the procedure. Before the ultrasound, you need to empty your bowels naturally, and if you are prone to constipation, use an enema, laxative, microenema or glycerin suppository.
During ultrasound of the gallbladder with a food load, all preparation recommendations remain the same. Additionally, the patient must be brought a so-called choleretic breakfast: 200-300 ml of cream, sour cream or cottage cheese (20-25% fat) and 2-3 eggs (boiled or raw).
The kidney examination also requires an additionally filled bladder during the procedure. Therefore, 1 - 1.5 hours before the ultrasound, a woman needs to drink 1 liter of non-carbonated and non-dairy liquid. The urge to urinate will be a signal to begin the examination.
If you have diabetes, a woman is allowed a light breakfast, including sweetened tea and 1 - 2 crackers.
What ultrasound should a woman do at 40–50 years old?
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
- Ultrasound of the uterus;
- Ultrasound of the mammary glands;
- Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
- Ultrasound of the heart;
- Ultrasound of the intestines.
At this age, the following procedures are added to the mandatory studies at annual intervals:
- mammography (once every 2 years);
- thyroid hormones;
- measurement of intraocular pressure;
- gastro- and colonoscopy (once every 3-5 years);
Regular examinations will help prevent a number of diseases:
- cardiac ischemia;
- oncological processes in the uterus;
- colon and stomach cancer;
- hypothyroidism glaucoma;
- diseases of the cardiovascular, endocrine and skeletal systems;
The examination allows you to see not only the condition of the breast tissue, but also the regional lymph nodes. Thanks to this, it is possible to evaluate lymph flow, identify all kinds of neoplasms, even the smallest tumors and lumps less than 5 mm, and also examine all areas of the mammary glands.
There is no need to prepare in any special way for a woman, however, when prescribing the procedure, it is worth taking into account the characteristics of the menstrual cycle. So, to obtain the most accurate and informative results, the study should be carried out in the first half of the cycle, that is, on days 5–10.
Ultrasound of the intestine - examination for age-related pathologies leading to cancer
This examination is indispensable in the diagnosis of intestinal cancer. In addition to them, you can use it to detect:
- fluid in the abdominal cavity;
- infectious and inflammatory processes in the intestines;
- cystic and tumor formations;
- abnormal location of the organ;
- abdominal abscesses;
- enlarged lymph nodes;
- intestinal diverticulosis;
- hematomas in the abdominal cavity;
- ischemia of a section of the intestine, etc.
There are several types of intestinal examination using ultrasound:
- Transabdominal ultrasound - through the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The study can be carried out standardly or using contrast (ultrasound irrigoscopy). The disadvantage of the method is its low information content due to the limited capabilities of visualizing the organ;
- Endorectal ultrasound - by inserting a sensor into the rectum. To improve visualization, the procedure can be performed with contrast (sterile fluid is injected through the transducer catheter). This is the most informative method that can quickly and accurately identify the pathological focus.
- Transvaginal ultrasound - by inserting a cavity sensor into the vagina. This method is rarely used as an additional method.
Preparation for the procedure is similar to preparation for an ultrasound of the pelvic organs.
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland - will help avoid complications of menopause
Sad statistics: thyroid pathologies are detected in at least 20% of women over 35 years of age, and in some countries this figure exceeds 50%. Factors contributing to the appearance of pathology are poor ecology, heredity, iodine deficiency, intoxication, nervous strain, frequent infections, injuries, concomitant diseases, hormonal problems.
Allows you to identify the following pathologies:
- diffuse toxic goiter;
- nodular goiter;
- hypothyroidism;
- thyroiditis;
- cyst;
- benign and malignant neoplasms.
No special preparation is required for the procedure. To avoid the gag reflex, it is recommended to perform ultrasound on an empty stomach. The examination is carried out in a supine position with the head thrown back. The woman does not experience any painful sensations; only slight discomfort is possible due to the uncomfortable position of the head and neck.
Which ultrasound is mandatory for a woman aged 50+?
After 50 years, you need to pay special attention to your health, since risks only increase with age.
A woman must undergo:
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
- Ultrasound of the uterus;
- Ultrasound of the mammary glands;
- Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
- Ultrasound of the heart.
The list of examinations is updated:
- densitometry;
- ECG to detect heart rhythm disturbances;
- blood clotting test;
- Doppler study of blood vessels (to evaluate blood supply to the brain and lower extremities);
- X-ray of the lungs (instead of ultrasound of the lungs and fluorography);
- MRI diagnostics;
- cytological examination and analysis for human papillomavirus.
Having crossed the half-century equator, a woman faces a serious threat - the likelihood of an oncological process. During this period, the risk is especially high. There is a risk of developing osteoporosis, so it is extremely important to study bone density to prevent the disease. At this age, there is a tendency to thrombosis and its complications..
Densitometry
Bone densitometry is a method for determining the density of the mineral component of bones, which allows you to identify osteoporosis and assess its degree.
There are several types of research: X-ray, ultrasound and photon absorptiometry.
Bone examination using ultrasound is the safest method to assess bone density, stiffness and elasticity. The procedure does not require special preparation.
Ultrasound densitometry can be carried out in two ways, depending on the type of ultrasound machine:
- "dry" - a special gel is applied to the area under study and scanning is performed;
- water - to examine bones, a person’s limb or himself is immersed in a bath of distilled water.
Doppler study of blood vessels
Vascular Doppler ultrasound is a method of studying blood flow in the vessels of the human body, allowing one to determine the direction and speed of blood flow in the arteries and veins, the width of the lumen of the vessels, and also calculate the pressure inside the vessels.
Doppler testing is similar to the usual ultrasound procedure, the only difference is the Doppler sensor used. The procedure allows you to detect:
- narrowing (stenosis) of the lumen of the vessel;
- pathological tortuosity of arteries;
- abnormal vascular development.
It is recommended on the eve of the procedure not to be in stuffy and smoky rooms, not to eat salty foods, smoke, drink alcohol, coffee, tea, or energy drinks, as this affects the tone and fullness of the arteries and veins.
Dopplerography can be performed in several ways:
- ultrasonic Doppler – used to assess the direction, intensity, nature of blood flow in the vessels;
- duplex study - differs from the previous method in being more accurate and informative. Used to assess vascular blood flow and their anatomy;
- color mapping – the condition of even the smallest vessels and their patency is color coded.
Nothing is as cheap or as expensive as health. It is important to be careful and attentive to your health. Even if a woman feels completely healthy, this does not mean that she should forget about preventive examinations.
Ultrasound of the heart
With ultrasound of the heart, thanks to modern equipment, the doctor has the opportunity to evaluate not only the structure of blood vessels and the heart, but also assess blood flow, identify possible changes in the valve apparatus and detect disturbances in the structure of the myocardium and its functions.
No special preparation is required. It is important to calm down and not worry during the procedure. On the eve of the ultrasound, you should not physically overexert yourself, smoke, drink alcohol, drink caffeinated drinks, or take sedatives or stimulants.
Ultrasound of the heart can be performed using several methods:
- Transthoracic ultrasound is a standard external research method;
- Doppler Echo-CG - to assess blood flow in the coronary vessels and heart;
- Contrast Echo-CG – for a more thorough examination of the inner surface of the heart. A radiopaque solution is injected into the bloodstream;
- Stress Echo-CG – to determine areas of possible stenosis of the coronary arteries. Combines standard and Doppler ultrasound;
- Transesophageal Echo-CG – a special sensor is inserted through the esophagus. This type of ultrasound allows the doctor to obtain ultra-precise images in real time. Can be performed after additional sedation of the patient. 2 - 3 hours before the procedure, the woman should refuse to drink and eat.
Where to get a comprehensive ultrasound for a woman in St. Petersburg
Almost all necessary types of examination are carried out in St. Petersburg at the Diana gynecological clinic. For you, we bought a new ultrasound machine with Doppler and sensors, and interpretation is carried out by doctors of the highest category.
Ultrasound of the uterus and appendages is a mandatory preventive method for identifying pathologies and inflammatory processes. It is recommended to carry out at least once every six months. This study is considered informative, effective, painless, safe and non-invasive. Ultrasound of the uterus and appendages has no contraindications or age restrictions. The research is based on sound waves that penetrate deep into tissue. After receiving the examination results, the doctor can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe effective treatment. You should not engage in self-treatment and diagnosis, because the health and condition of a woman’s reproductive system depends on this.
An ultrasound of the uterus and appendages is prescribed at the first alarming symptoms that the patient detects. A gynecological examination is first carried out, after which the doctor prescribes a study, flora and cytology tests are taken. Thanks to ultrasound examination, the doctor can make the correct diagnosis, since ultrasound is a universal diagnostic technique. It is prescribed in the following cases:
- Irregular menstruation.
- Delayed menstruation.
- Constant or variable painful sensations that occur for no reason.
- Long menstruation.
- The woman was previously diagnosed with infertility.
The study is also prescribed to confirm or suspect the following diseases:
- Uterine fibroids.
- Adenomyosis.
- Uterine polyps.
- Ectopic pregnancy.
- Polycystic ovarian cyst or torsion.
- Inflammatory processes in the uterus and appendages.
- An inflammatory process observed in the endometrium.
Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound of the uterus and appendages
A woman can undergo either transvaginal or transabdominal examination. It is imperative to clarify the type of study in order to know exactly how to prepare before the procedure. Each of the proposed types is informative and effective. They help identify pathology and inflammatory processes in the initial stages. Absolutely safe and painless.
- Transabdominal method. This examination of the uterus and appendages is carried out through the abdominal wall. The examination uses a sensor that emits sound waves. Once they reach the organ tissue, they are reflected from the surface and transmitted back through the sensor. A real-time image appears on the device monitor. All information read is recorded in the study protocol. Decryption is carried out exclusively by a specialist, which takes no more than 15 minutes. Transabdominal examination requires careful preparation from the patient. Has no contraindications.
- Transvaginal method. This study is also compared with a gynecological examination. It is carried out through the vagina, where a vaginal sensor is inserted. A condom is first put on it and lubricated with gel. Helps determine the condition of the endometrium and ectopic pregnancy. Has some contraindications. Transvaginal examination helps to examine the appendages from different angles, as well as the structure and functionality of the ovaries. As for preparation, it is not required and can be carried out at any time except during menstruation. Provides a clearer picture.
The choice of examination lies with the gynecologist. It is recommended, in most cases, to conduct a transvaginal examination, which is more informative. If necessary, the following is prescribed:
- Dopplerography. Helps in the study of blood vessels and blood flow of the pelvic organs. Conducted in conjunction with ultrasound examination. Helps identify neoplasms during pregnancy at a later stage. Recommended for suspected tumors.
- Hysterography. Helps in examining the organs of the genitourinary system. During the procedure, a contrast agent is used and injected into the vagina. Prescribed for suspected oncology, fibroids, tumors. Advance preparation is required. This type of research is absolutely safe.
Ultrasound examination of the uterus and appendages
The research process will depend on the type of ultrasound prescribed.
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- The patient's upper torso and pubis.
- Takes a lying position on a special couch.
- A special gel is applied to the skin, which improves the glide of the sensor and prevents air from entering under the sensor. If air has penetrated under the sensor, this may negatively affect the results obtained.
- The sensor is moved over the abdomen for a thorough examination of the area being studied.
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- The patient exposes her lower torso.
- Takes a lying position on a special couch, legs should be bent at the knees.
- A condom is placed on the vaginal sensor and a special gel is applied.
- The sensor is inserted into the vagina and an examination is performed.
After the procedure, the patient is given a research protocol, which indicates all the data obtained and deviations from the norm. A preliminary diagnosis must be made. Ultrasound of the uterus and appendages should be performed by a qualified specialist. The procedure lasts no more than half an hour.
Dates
To obtain reliable information, experts recommend performing an ultrasound of the uterus and appendages 3-5 days after the next menstruation. Other days of the menstrual cycle may also be allowed, everything will depend on the patient’s condition, symptoms and other factors. But it is best to perform an ultrasound no later than the 10th day of the cycle.
Ultrasound can be performed three times throughout the menstrual cycle at different periods of time. It may also be prescribed if cystic formations are suspected due to certain symptoms.
All indicated periods are reasonable, since during this period of the cycle the endometrium has the thinnest layer, which makes it possible to identify many pathologies. If examinations are carried out in the second half of the cycle, the results of the study will be distorted. Also, during the period of ovulation, due to the presence of a follicle, it is difficult to assess what kind of cyst it is. An ultrasound can also be performed in the second half of the cycle to determine why pregnancy does not occur. During pregnancy, three planned examinations are carried out.
Ultrasound of the uterus and appendages must be performed without fail, so as not to miss the moment of the initial stage of the disease.
Ultrasound or ultrasonography has long been used in medicine and is used to serve human health.
With the help of ultrasound diagnostics you can look into the most secret nooks and corners of the body. Ultrasound diagnostics is now used in almost every field of medicine.
- Firstly, it does not involve any harmful radiation, like X-rays (see). Consequently, it does not cause the slightest damage to the patient’s body.
- Secondly, our body consists of various tissues.
Each has its own structure. This means different sound conductivity. The boundary between two different environments will appear differently on the screen. Let's say, muscles or blood vessels will send their signals. Disruption of the normal tissue structure will be visible. At this point, the specialist will determine what kind of find it is: a cyst, a benign tumor or a metastasis.
A specialist performing ultrasound diagnostics can quickly determine whether there are any postoperative complications, the progress of healing of intracavitary wounds, etc. If there is a need for drainage, it is performed under ultrasound guidance.
This means there is no need to subject the patient to a new operation. It turns out that doctors are trying not only to diagnose, but also to treat malignant tumors using ultrasound. To destroy malignant neoplasms, ultrasonic vibrations are used, which can cause changes in tissues.
In addition, ultrasound plays an important role in planning the most gentle operation.
The history of the appearance of ultrasound machines
Of great importance for establishing a diagnosis is not only the professionalism of the doctor, but also the instrument on which he works. The latest generation devices are equipped with all kinds of sensors: cardiac, rectal, pelvic examination, etc.
During the First World War, ultrasound was used only for military purposes. Since the forties, there have been first attempts in the medical field. But only in the sixties the first ultrasound diagnostic devices appeared in the USSR. To this day, the USA and Japan hold the lead in the production of this medical equipment.
And the most important thing for today – Happy New Year to all my readers! I wish you good health, happiness and success. Be always healthy!