What hurts with anorexia. Anorexia disease - causes, symptoms, treatment. Books about anorexia
![What hurts with anorexia. Anorexia disease - causes, symptoms, treatment. Books about anorexia](https://i1.wp.com/polismed.com/upfiles/other/artgen/298/sm_216492001452803553.jpg)
Anorexia in men has its own characteristics:
- Anorexia in men is often associated with various mental disorders - schizophrenia, neuroses.
- Men do not talk about their desire to lose weight. They are more secretive, unlike women who are constantly discussing ways to lose weight.
- Men are more purposeful, they firmly adhere to the word given to themselves to refuse certain products. They are less likely to have food breakdowns.
- A large percentage of sick men refuse food for ideological reasons. They are supporters of cleansing the body, raw food, veganism, sun-eating or other nutrition systems.
- Anorexia affects not only young men who strive to meet the standards of beauty, but also men over 40, who are fond of cleansing the body and various spiritual practices. You can often hear phrases from them that “food is a hindrance to spiritual development”, “refusal of food prolongs life and purifies the spirit”.
- Asthenic and schizoid features predominate in the character of patients, in contrast to women, who are characterized by hysterical features.
- Crazy ideas about imaginary fullness sometimes serve as a distraction for a man. At the same time, he tends to ignore real physical flaws, sometimes disfiguring his appearance.
Factors that provoke anorexia in men
- Growing up in an incomplete family in an atmosphere of excessive guardianship from the mother's side. The boy is afraid that with weight gain he will grow up and lose the love of his relatives. By staying thin, he tries to avoid the responsibilities and hardships of adulthood. Such men continue to live with their parents into adulthood.
- Critical statements from others regarding excess weight. This can cause psychological trauma.
- Participation in certain sports requiring tight control over body weight - sports dancing, ballet, running, jumping, figure skating.
- Professions related to show business- Singers, actors, fashion models. People engaged in these professions sometimes pay excessive attention to their appearance, which causes thoughts about their own imperfection and excess weight.
- Self-punishment. Boys and men wear themselves out by reducing their feelings of guilt for unrevealed aggression towards their father or forbidden sexual desire.
- Schizophrenia in one of the parents, the tendency to which is inherited. The risk of anorexia nervosa is high in young men whose parents suffered from anorexia, phobia, anxiety depression, psychosis.
- Homosexuality. In specialized publications, a cult of lean male bodies is created, which encourages young men to refuse food.
- Painful attention to one's appearance.
- Tendency to eat normally once and then starve for weeks.
- Tendency to hide food. To reassure relatives that the patient is "eating normally", he may hide or throw away his portion of food.
- Decreased sexual interest and potency, which is analogous to female amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
- Ways to lose weight are traditional - refusal to eat, excessive exercise and vomiting, enemas, colon therapy. However, painful attachment to vomiting is less common than in women.
- Unmotivated aggression. Rude attitude towards close people, especially to parents.
- Refusal to be photographed. Patients argue it by the fact that in the photographs their "completeness" is more noticeable.
- Hypochondria. A man is overly worried about his health, he suspects that he has serious illnesses. Natural sensations (especially the feeling of filling the stomach) seem painful to him.
- Changes in appearance appear after a few months - weight loss (up to 50% of body weight), dry skin, hair loss.
- The tendency to alcoholism is an attempt to cope with emotions and drown out thoughts about food and weight loss.
Men with anorexia do not perceive their condition as a problem. They justify fasting in every possible way by cleansing the body and striving for enlightenment. Their relatives are more likely to seek medical help. If this does not happen in time, then the man ends up in the hospital with cachexia (extreme exhaustion) or in a psychiatric hospital with an exacerbation of mental illness.
Treatment of anorexia in men includes psychotherapy, drug treatment, and reflexology. Together, these measures lead to recovery of more than 80% of patients.
1. Psychotherapy is an essential part of the treatment. It allows you to correct the thinking of the patient and helps to eliminate the psychological trauma that led to the eating disorder. With anorexia in men have proven their effectiveness:
- psychoanalysis;
- behavioral therapy;
- family psychotherapy with relatives of the patient.
- Antipsychotics Clozapine, Olanzapine are used for the first 6 months of treatment. They promote weight gain and reduce delusions about fullness. The dose of the drug is determined individually. After reaching the therapeutic effect, it is gradually reduced. If an exacerbation occurs, then the dose is increased to the initial one.
- Atypical antipsychotics Risperidone, Risset eliminate the negative manifestations of the disease, but do not reduce performance, do not interfere with work and study. Take drugs constantly or only when symptoms of the disease occur. Treatment with atypical drugs can last from 6 months to one and a half years.
- Vitamin preparations. B vitamins normalize the functioning of the nervous system, helping to eradicate the root cause of the disease. Vitamins A and E improve the production of hormones, contribute to the restoration of the skin and its appendages, as well as the mucous membranes of internal organs.
4. Trainings on the organization of a healthy diet. Special training programs will help the patient to create a menu in such a way that all the nutrients enter the body and there is no discomfort.
5. Intravenous nutrition or the introduction of food through a tube. These methods are applied at an extreme degree of exhaustion in patients who categorically refuse food.
Anorexia in a child, what to do?
Anorexia in a child is a more common problem than is commonly believed. 30% of girls aged 9-11 limit themselves in food and follow a diet in order to lose weight. Every 10th has a high risk of developing anorexia (in boys, this figure is 4-6 times lower). However, in childhood, the psyche is better influenced and in the early stages, parents can help the child avoid the development of the disease, while remaining slender.Causes of anorexia in a child
- Parents feed the child, forcing them to eat too large portions. The result is an aversion to food.
- Monotonous nutrition, which forms a negative attitude towards food.
- Past severe infectious diseases - diphtheria, hepatitis, tuberculosis.
- Psycho-emotional stresses - sharp acclimatization, death of a loved one, divorce of parents.
- The abundance of harmful and sweet foods in the diet disrupts digestion and metabolism.
- Excessive guardianship and control by parents. It often occurs in single-parent families where a child is brought up without a father by his mother and grandmother.
- Dissatisfaction with their appearance, which is often based on criticism from parents and ridicule from peers.
- Hereditary predisposition to mental illness.
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- Eating disorders - refusal to eat or a certain set of foods (potatoes, cereals, meat, sweets).
- Physical signs - weight loss, dry skin, sunken eyes, bruising under the eyes.
- Behavioral changes - sleep disturbances, irritability, frequent tantrums, poor academic performance.
- Make eating an enjoyable experience. Create comfort in the kitchen. While the child is eating, take a few minutes to sit next to him, ask how the day went, what was the most pleasant event today.
- Start eating healthy as a family. For example, instead of pies, cook baked apples with cottage cheese, instead of frying potatoes or fish, bake them in foil. Focus not on the fact that this is losing weight, but that proper nutrition is the basis of beauty, health and vigor. Slimness is just a pleasant consequence of a healthy lifestyle.
- Observe family rituals related to food. Bake meat according to your grandmother's recipe, pickle fish, as is customary in your family. Share these secrets with your child. Rituals make the child aware of being part of the group and give a sense of security.
- Go shopping together. Make a rule: everyone buys a new, preferably "healthy" product. It could be yogurt, an exotic fruit, a new kind of cheese. Then at home you can try it and decide whose choice is better. Thus, you instill in the child the idea that healthy food brings pleasure.
- Don't insist on yours. Give your child a choice, strive for a compromise. This applies to all aspects of life. A child who is overly controlled in everything takes control of what is left for him - his food. Avoid categorical requirements. If you think it's cold outside, then don't yell for your daughter to put on a hat, but offer the child an acceptable choice: headband, hat, or hood. The same applies to food. Ask what the child will be, offering a choice of 2-3 acceptable dishes. If the daughter flatly refuses dinner, reschedule lunch for a later time.
- Involve your child in the cooking process. Watch cooking shows together, choose recipes on the Internet that you would like to try. There are plenty of tasty and healthy low-calorie meals that do not increase the risk of gaining weight.
- Encourage dancing and sports. Regular physical training increases appetite and contributes to the production of endorphins - “happiness hormones”. It is desirable that the child engages in for his own pleasure, as professional activities aimed at winning competitions can provoke the desire for weight loss and cause anorexia and bulimia.
- Consult a beautician or fitness trainer if the child is dissatisfied with their appearance and weight. Children often ignore the advice of their parents, but listen to the opinions of unfamiliar experts. Such specialists will help to create a proper nutrition program that improves skin condition and prevents weight gain.
- Listen carefully to the child. Avoid categorical judgments and do not deny problems: “Don't talk nonsense. You are of normal weight. Argument your arguments. Together, calculate the formula for the ideal weight, find the minimum and maximum values \u200b\u200bfor this age. Promise to help in the fight for the ideals of beauty and stick to your word. It is better to cook a diet soup for your child than a rebellious daughter fundamentally skips a meal consisting of a high-calorie roast.
- Find areas where your child can fulfill himself. He should feel successful, useful and irreplaceable. To generate interest in various activities, attend a variety of events with your child: exhibitions, dance group competitions and sports. Encourage him to try his hand at a wide variety of sections and circles. Genuinely praise every small accomplishment. Then the idea will take root in a teenager that success and positive emotions can be associated not only with physical attractiveness. And new acquaintances and vivid impressions will distract from thoughts about the imperfection of your body.
- Help your child to get complete and versatile information. If a child wants to stick to a diet, then find detailed instructions on this topic. Be sure to read the contraindications together, read about the dangers and consequences of this diet. For example, it has been proven that supporters of protein diets are at risk of getting cancer. The more your child knows, the better he will be protected. So, from a misunderstanding of the danger of the problem, many girls are persistently looking for advice on the Internet “how to get anorexia?”. In their view, this is not a serious mental illness, but an easy path to beauty.
How to avoid relapse of anorexia?
Relapses of anorexia after treatment occur in 32% of patients. The most dangerous are the first six months, when patients are highly tempted to refuse food and return to old habits and the old way of thinking. There is also a risk that in an attempt to stifle their appetite, such people will become addicted to alcohol or drug use. That is why relatives should pay maximum attention, try to fill their life with new impressions.How to avoid relapse of anorexia?
Scientists agree that anorexia is a chronic disease characterized by periods of calm and relapses. This food addiction is compared with diabetes mellitus: a person must constantly monitor his condition, follow preventive measures, and start medication when the first signs of the disease appear. Only in this way is it possible to stop the return of anorexia in time and prevent a relapse.
Symptoms of anorexia are a combination of primary and subsequent signs by which you can recognize the onset of this terrible disease and try to prevent its development.
The standard of female beauty in the modern world is thin, graceful and slender girls, shining with their beauty on fashion catwalks and from the screens of Hollywood films. It is no wonder that most teenagers, especially the fair sex, with all the fervor of youthful maximalism, strive to resemble their famous idols in everything. Therefore, they consciously and purposefully refuse food, go on strict diets and simply starve themselves in order to achieve aristocratic pallor and physique like that of well-known stars. But such a mockery of one's own body does not pass without a trace, most often it leads to the development of such a disease as anorexia.
What is such a disease? Why does it occur and how does it start? What are the first signs of the disease and what should you focus on?
Anorexia and its varieties
The very name "anorexia" is borrowed from the Greek language and literally translated as "no appetite." It manifests itself in a complete refusal to eat, which leads to a rapid weight loss and entails mental disorders and nervous disorders, the main manifestations of which are a phobia of fullness, a manic desire to lose weight, unreasonable anxiety about weight gain, as well as a false painful perception of one's physical form.
Approximately eighty percent of patients with anorexia are adolescent girls from twelve to twenty-four years old. The remaining twenty percent are women and men of more mature age.
The worst thing is that this disease leads to very sad consequences and in twenty percent of cases ends in death, the vast majority of which is suicide. Anorexia is considered an occupational disease of models, where it accounts for approximately seventy-two percent of cases. Timely qualified medical care leads to a complete recovery of patients only in forty to fifty percent.
Unfortunately, this disease has become so deeply embedded in everyday life, has spread so widely among the population, that in some countries it is forbidden at the legislative level to give work to excessively thin models or anorexic models with unhealthy thinness.
This disease has several varieties.
According to the mechanism of development, anorexia happens:
- neurotic - when food refusal is caused by a strong negative emotional background, pathologically affecting the cerebral cortex;
- neurodynamic - when the decrease and loss of appetite are due to the impact on the brain of strong non-emotional stimuli, such as, for example, strong and intense pain;
- neuropsychiatric - otherwise neurological, nervous, psychogenic anorexia or cachexia, which occurs against the background of a purposeful and conscious refusal to eat and is considered as a severe mental disorder - one of the varieties of self-destruction, classified by several degrees of severity.
According to the causative factors, anorexia is divided into:
- true anorexia - mental anorexia, in which refusal to eat is caused by severe endocrine, mental or somatic disorders, due to disturbances in the functioning of the digestive center in the cerebral cortex;
- false anorexia - more similar to nervous, when the refusal to eat is due to a critical attitude towards one's own appearance, the conviction of one's own inferiority and imperfection.
Children's varieties of anorexia:
- primary - a disease caused by failures and disorders in the baby's nutrition;
- secondary - anorexia, provoked by disturbances in the work of the digestive organs or any other systems.
Recently, scientists have identified another type of anorexia - senile, when completely healthy older people begin to refuse food, fall into despondency and apathy, and rapidly lose weight. It turns out that biological changes in the body caused by an increase in the level of certain hormones are to blame. However, senile anorexia is just as dangerous as nervous anorexia - the privilege of the younger generation.
Signs and symptoms of a psychological disorder
The initial symptoms of the disease are most often expressed in:
- the patient's dissatisfaction with his body, a constant feeling of fullness and extra pounds of weight;
- rejection of the presence of serious problems in the patient;
- a noticeable reduction in portions, eating while standing;
- sleep disturbance and insomnia;
- depression, increased irritability and resentment, sometimes aggressiveness;
- phobias get better;
- manic sports, with an ever-increasing load;
- refusal of various events where eating is planned;
- frequent and long visits to the toilet;
- zealous enthusiasm for various strict diets.
Speaking about the symptoms of this disease, they often mean anorexia nervosa, since its true form is only the result of the underlying disease. The symptoms of anorexia are very diverse, and many symptoms appear only at any particular stage of the disease.
The first symptoms to look out for are the symptoms of eating behavior. These include:
- a manic desire to lose weight at normal weight or its deficit;
- fatphobia - fear of fullness;
- regular avoidance of eating for various reasons;
- looping thoughts on calories, weight loss, diet food;
- fractional nutrition, a sharp reduction in the number of usual portions;
- thorough and prolonged chewing of food;
- avoiding activities that involve eating.
Mental health symptoms are as follows:
- severe apathy, constant depression and depression;
- inattention and distraction;
- low performance;
- insomnia and restless sleep;
- obsessive thoughts about losing weight, obsession with ways to lead to this;
- denial of one's own appearance, disgust for weakness, dissatisfaction with the results achieved;
- mental instability;
- feeling of own worthlessness and uselessness;
- rejection of oneself as a sick person, refusal of treatment;
- rejection of an active lifestyle.
Other behavioral changes associated with this disease include:
- the desire for heavy physical exertion, irritation when it is impossible to achieve the goals;
- preference for baggy, loose clothing of any other, believing that in this way their imperfect body will not be noticeable;
- fanatical beliefs, the upholding of which causes embitterment and aggression;
- desire for introversion, avoidance of mass gatherings, avoidance of any society;
- easy rapprochement with like-minded people.
Physiological manifestations of anorexia symptoms:
- a decrease in body weight by thirty percent of the norm;
- general weakness, fainting and dizziness, as a result of a strong decrease in pressure and poor circulation;
- growth of vellus hair all over the body, baldness;
- decreased potency and libido;
- violations of the menstrual cycle, up to the complete cessation of menstruation, infertility;
- constant feeling of cold, blue fingertips and nose;
- tendency to fracture, increased bone fragility.
With prolonged refusal of food, other external signs appear that can be distinguished into separate categories.
Symptoms of anorexia in girls
Girls are more susceptible to this disease than men. It is especially pronounced in adolescent girls with their youthful maximalism, which manifests itself in almost everything. Here is how this disease manifests itself in the fair sex:
- earthy complexion, dry and thin skin;
- fragility and painful appearance of hair and nails;
- pronounced thinness of the whole body;
- frequent headaches;
- pain in the epigastric region;
- general weakness and malaise;
- insomnia and sleep disorders;
- dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea leading to infertility;
- dystrophy of internal organs;
- coma and death.
Symptoms of anorexia in men
In men, the disease proceeds a little differently than in women. However, they are also susceptible to this disease to varying degrees.
The main signs of anorexia in a strong half of humanity:
- counting calories;
- passion for diets;
- constant weight control;
- passion for hard physical exercises;
- tendency to alcoholism;
- causeless aggressiveness;
- decreased potency and sexual desire.
The external signs of this disease in men include:
- excessive thinness of the whole body;
- dryness and pallor of the skin;
- hair loss;
- irritability and chronic fatigue;
- organic lesions of the brain.
Symptoms of anorexia in children and adolescents
Anorexia in children is also very common, especially among girls. However, the psyche of a child is not yet fully formed and is better influenced than the psyche of an adult. Therefore, by identifying the disease in the early stages, parents can help children get rid of it once and for all.
Signs indicating the presence of anorexia in children are:
- loss of appetite, refusal to eat, complete aversion to any kind of food;
- sunken eyes and bruises under them;
- significant weight loss, dry skin;
- increased irritability, insomnia;
- frequent tantrums;
- decline in performance.
In adolescents, this disease is characterized by an obsession with losing weight and dissatisfaction with their own figure.
Signs of anorexia in teenagers:
- sudden weight loss;
- adherence to strict diets;
- secrecy and depression;
- insomnia or drowsiness;
- excessive physical activity;
- protruding collarbones and ribs;
- yellowish scaly skin;
- dull, brittle hair;
- swollen joints of the hands and feet;
- puffy face and sunken eyes.
Symptoms at different stages of anorexia
This disease has several stages of development, each of which is characterized by the presence of certain symptoms:
- Dysmorphic stage. She is characterized by thoughts about her own ugliness and inferiority, disgust for her own body due to seeming fullness. At this stage, there is a feeling of depression and constant anxiety, there is a need for a long stay near the mirrors, the first attempts to refuse food and loss of appetite, the desire for an ideal figure with the help of various strict diets.
- anorexic stage. Of the most characteristic symptoms at this stage, there are: significant weight loss, a state of euphoria, tightening of diets, and excessive physical activity. Hypotension and bradycardia, dry skin, constant chilliness appear. There is a decrease in sexual desire and potency, the cessation of the menstrual cycle in women and spermatogenesis in men. Often at this stage, the work of the adrenal glands is disrupted, and tolerance to the feeling of hunger also arises.
- cachectic stage. The last stage of anorexia is characterized by the following signs: irreversible dystrophy of internal organs, weight loss up to 50 percent of the original, protein-free swelling, hypokalemia, metabolic disorders. At this stage, the disease is irreversible.
Finally
Anorexia is a severe mental disorder characterized by a complete or partial refusal to eat under the influence of various causes and factors.
It manifests itself to a greater extent in young girls and women, but the risk of developing anorexia in children, men and adolescents is not excluded.
Symptoms of the disease are similar to each other and increase as the disease progresses. At the last stage of anorexia, even with qualified medical care, the changes occurring in the body are irreversible and almost always lead to death.
Everyone can answer the question of what anorexia is. However, not everyone can cope with this painful condition alone. After all, an ailment can be both a consequence of another, more serious physical illness, and a harbinger of a complex mental disorder.
Anorexia is a complex of symptoms of malnutrition, representing a real danger to human life.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of good nutrition in ensuring the normal functioning of all subsystems and organs of the body.
How do people get anorexia? Causes
The factors provoking the disease can be conditionally divided into: independent, cultivated and not realized.
At the same time, certain types of disorders are formed from the variety of conditions for the maturation of the disease.
Main causes of anorexia:
- bad heredity;
- improper care and upbringing;
- the harmful influence of society;
- surgical and oncological diseases;
- psychiatric disorders.
IMPORTANT: How do people get anorexia?? They simply stop taking enough food for normal life.
They are hindered, for example, by pain or the absence of individual organs. They may develop destructive subconscious reflexes that are difficult to control. Their worldview is more categorical than rational: extremes can be traced in judgments about the appearance and social role of a person.
Anorexia symptoms. How to protect yourself from a dangerous disease?
The physical signs of permanent malnutrition are monstrous.
The lack of professional treatment for many years can lead to irreversible changes in metabolic processes and the almost complete disappearance of the immune system.
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Symptoms of anorexia easily recognizable:
- loss of muscle and brain mass;
- osteoporosis and bone fractures;
- dizziness and fainting;
- cardiac arrhythmia and bradycardia;
- pallor and dryness of the skin;
- hair loss, changes in the structure of nails;
- vomiting and intestinal obstruction.
IMPORTANT: How to protect yourself from a dangerous disease? Eliminate the possibility of programming the unconscious reactions of your body by anyone. Try to match only your ideal body type.
Types of anorexia: primary anorexia
Violation of the feeding regimen in childhood can cause significant deviations in physical development.
Wrong actions include not only non-compliance with nutrition schedules, but also feeding: excess, forced, inedible foods.
IMPORTANT: Primary anorexia grows entirely from the formed food rejection reflexes.
Reducing the excitability of the food center by the monotony of foods or the immoderate feeding of sweets also leads to weight problems in the future.
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Types of anorexia: anorexia nervosa
This complex of deviations in eating behavior affects mainly females aged 14-20 years.
The key manifestation of the disorder is a manic obsession with weight loss.
The goal is achieved using a simple set of actions:
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Although anorexia nervosa and is a serious illness, timely correction of a person's behavioral motives helps to quickly curb it.
Types of anorexia: drug anorexia
Refusal of food can be caused by the intake of specific therapeutic agents. At the same time, the purpose of taking the drugs will not have any connection with weight loss issues.
Some pharmaceutical forms for the treatment of asthma, allergies and heart disease, as well as painkillers and anticancer compounds, can provoke the development of this type of disease.
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drug anorexia found in many drug addicts. Frequent stimulation of pleasure receptors in the brain significantly dulls the food reflex.
Types of anorexia: mental anorexia
The evolution of this deviation is accompanied by vivid mental reactions. Among others:
- increased anxiety and fear of everything new;
- experiencing feelings of guilt;
- indecision and vulnerability;
- loss of self-control, affective states;
- suicidal syndrome.
IMPORTANT: According to many doctors, mental anorexia- one of the manifestations of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Those suffering from such an ailment separate their inner self from the outer shell, experiencing twofold feelings for the body: love and hatred at the same time.
Anorexia: photos of girls
Glossy magazines and television have always had a great influence on the behavior of adolescents. Does beauty require sacrifice?
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Bringing themselves to excessive thinness, girls try to live in a normal rhythm. But this rarely comes out.
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Curbing anorexia on your own is almost impossible. Biochemical processes in the body give a strong failure.
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Many patients have difficulty with an adequate assessment of the size of their own body. Excessive thinness seems attractive to them.
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The addiction to weight loss sometimes brings people together. At the same time, the likelihood of an early aggravation of the condition in all recently made friends increases dramatically.
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Anorexia: photos of girls do not leave anyone indifferent. However, they are extremely pitiful.
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Getting out of a painful state and becoming “normal” is not easy. Medical complications are unlikely to pass by.
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Pregnancy with anorexia
Long-term medical practice rejects the possibility of normal formation and development of the fetus in a mother who restricts herself in nutrition for a long time. The very probability of getting pregnant in such a woman tends to zero.
The lack of trace elements necessary for sexual function stops the reproductive cycle completely.
miraculously formed pregnancy with anorexia is extremely difficult, with a constant threat of miscarriage or death of the mother.
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IMPORTANT: An exhausted girl never has healthy children.
Anorexia in guys: photo
The male half of humanity rarely suffers from eating disorders. Against the background of schizophrenia, chronic depression or alcohol abuse, a nervous or mental anorexia in boys. Photo below provide evidence of symptomatology.
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Problems similar to women: loss of muscle mass and sagging skin.
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In adult men, a painful condition usually occurs against the background of serious physical ailments.
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Treatment of anorexia
As part of getting rid of eating disorders, the implemented assistance can be divided into medical And psychological. For example, stationary enteral nutrition preparations and psychotropic drugs help patients overcome the borderline states of physical and mental exhaustion. And the fight against complications implies a mandatory general strengthening treatment in the form of:
- glucose and vitamin therapy;
- correction with antacids and enzymes;
- recovery with nootropics and analeptics;
- reinforcements with antihypertensive and antianemic dosage forms.
IMPORTANT: Treatment of anorexia impossible without quality psychotherapy. Specialists identify and correct errors of thinking, expand the system of behavior, help to establish lost interpersonal connections.
Anorexia: before and after
Ridding the patient of a pathological belief in the defectiveness of the body is one of the priorities of psychologists in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
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An adequate perception of body parameters and a correct assessment of the degree of weight loss indicate the onset of a phase of mental recovery.
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fading anorexia before and after medical intervention looks completely different.
Every day of delay in treatment leads to irreversible consequences for the internal organs.
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An unformed motivation for recovery is a direct road to relapse.
Behavioral interventions should not be terminated earlier than expected.
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The experience of those who have been ill, their relatives and doctors of various specialties is certainly important for clarifying the real dangers of the disease.
Below are the videos, advice and feedback for the treatment of anorexia.
The cachectic stage is no longer treated. When more than 50% of the weight is lost, the water-electrolyte balance is disturbed and convulsions progress, there is practically no one to save. Do not waste precious time that can be spent on saving lives!
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Painful thinness is not normal! Save your loved ones before it's too late! Treatment for anorexia will only help if there is a stimulus in life
Treatment will only help if there is a stimulus in life. Can't get out without it.
Anorexia - don't go to extremes
An atrophied brain is not the best gift from youth. Don't go to extremes. Nothing good comes from fasting!
It's probably hard to resist the temptation to prove your superiority to the world. However, no one thinks about a painful starvation death. Be careful what you wish for and take good care of your health.
Video: Anorexia - you can’t lose weight like that!
Video: Anorexia
Video: Treatment of anorexia in EMC. Patient history after therapy
The development of such a disease as anorexia is due to mental disorders. In people suffering from this disease, eating behavior is compulsive. They have a pathological desire to lose weight. More often this disease is diagnosed in women: about 2% for every 10 thousand people. Severe symptoms of anorexia: active weight loss, thinness. Patients are also diagnosed with disorders in the work of the nervous, reproductive, bone systems, and the brain.
What is anorexia
Anorexia (in English "anorexia") is a special type of neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a person's refusal to eat. This condition is combined with an obsessive desire to lose weight.
Provoking factors
To understand how to treat it, you need to understand what anorexia is. The appearance of the disease is mainly due to psychological problems. The latter cause a person to want to change their appearance through weight loss. Nervous, or psychological anorexia, develops under the influence of many factors (often their combination):
- Bad family environment. This is one of the first signs that doctors pay attention to when working with anorexics. An unfavorable climate in the family occurs due to increased irritability of one of the members, depression, alcoholism and other factors.
- Low self-esteem. Often it develops against the background of family problems. Due to low self-esteem, there is a malfunction in the psyche. The patient develops a persistent rejection of himself. In an effort to improve his own appearance, a person refuses food, believing that a slender figure will change the attitude towards him from the environment.
- Problems in personal life. The obsession to lose weight comes from the patient's desire to please the environment.
Despite the fact that the disease is considered a weight loss disease, anorexia develops under the influence of many factors.
Eating disorders occur due to:
- Inhibition of the center of appetite in the brain due to exposure to strong stimuli (pain, etc.).
- genetic predisposition. The 1p34 gene is present in the human body, which is activated under the influence of adverse factors (stress, nervous strain). As a result, the first signs of anorexia appear.
- Diseases of the internal organs. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and other systems contribute to a sharp decrease in body weight, which leads to the appearance of anorexia.
- Mental disorders. The disease is diagnosed in people with schizophrenia, paranoid and depressed personalities. Also, signs of anorexia are detected in patients taking psychotropic substances.
Not only nervous disorders and dysfunctions of internal organs cause disease. There is also drug anorexia that occurs against the background of long-term use of medications.
Classification
There are other types of anorexia. The disease is classified according to the causative factor into:
- True. It is characterized by visible signs of anorexia. With true pathology, the patient has no appetite, which is explained by the course of pathologies of the nervous, endocrine or digestive systems.
- False. This type of anorexia develops due to the patient's obsession with losing weight.
False anorexia occurs under the influence of the environment. Modern fashion trends, according to which people should not be fat, cause a person to strive to meet these requirements. Because of this influence, sick people develop a fear of being overweight.
True anorexia due to the course of endocrine pathologies. Its development leads to dysfunction of a number of neurotransmitters that regulate human eating behavior.
How to recognize anorexia
With anorexia, the signs of the disease should be differentiated from the manifestations of concomitant pathologies. The success of the methods of treatment depends on this. Before determining the tactics of therapeutic intervention, it is necessary to exclude the presence of other pathologies, the course of which is accompanied by a sharp weight loss and other similar signs.
In view of the foregoing, it is worth considering the manifestations of only the nervous form of pathology. The symptoms of anorexia in girls are multifaceted and manifest as eating disorders, mental changes and physiological problems.
Physiological signs
The first symptoms of anorexia in a girl are manifested in the form of a sharp weight loss. This indicator is determined taking into account the age norm. In a woman suffering from anorexia, the disease is diagnosed if the deviation exceeds 30%.
Signs of underweight (in addition to thinness):
- lowering blood pressure;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- decrease in body temperature;
- swelling of the limbs;
- frequent fainting and dizziness;
- baldness;
- frequent hemorrhages.
The fight against extra pounds helps to reduce the concentration of vitamins and minerals in the body. Due to the deficiency of useful trace elements, the skin becomes dry and bad breath appears, which indicates eating disorders. Lack of calcium and other minerals causes osteoporosis, in which bones break easily. At the same time, dental diseases occur.
In addition, the initial stage of anorexia is characterized by poor physical condition of the patient. In many ways, this condition is explained by the desire of a person to reduce their own weight with the help of vomiting. The latter causes severe dehydration of the body, which leads to impaired blood flow and many other complications.
Eating disorder
The first signs of oncoming anorexia are recognized in the form of an obsessive desire to lose weight. This desire develops into a mania, in which the refusal of food is permanent. People suffering from the disease deliberately induce vomiting after eating.
You can notice this desire by the behavior of a person. He is afraid of gaining extra pounds, regularly counts calories consumed. Eating disorder manifests itself as the desire to eat small portions.
mental changes
Signs of mental changes in people with anorexia can be replaced in the behavior of patients. Such people:
- tend to perform complex physical exercises;
- wear loose, baggy clothes;
- unable to concentrate;
- have trouble sleeping;
- avoid communication with the environment;
- apathetic;
- fanatically and aggressively defend their point of view.
Mental changes can be traced in how the patient relates to the outside world. A characteristic sign of anorexia is obsession with one's own problems. People are mostly focused on their weight. And they refuse to accept the fact that they are sick.
The described signs of pathology are not unconditional. That is, it is impossible to determine from them whether a person suffers from anorexia or not. Many diseases, including oncological processes, provoke a sharp weight loss. Therefore, the treatment of anorexia should be carried out after a comprehensive examination of the patient.
How does anorexia develop?
There are three degrees of development of anorexia, each of which is characterized by its own characteristics:
- initial (primary);
- anorexic;
- cachectic.
At the initial stage of the development of pathology, it is difficult to determine what leads to anorexia. This stage takes about 2-4 years, during which the following signs of the onset of the disease are noted: dissatisfaction with appearance; obsessive ideas on how to improve appearance; depressive state.
Often patients look for flaws that do not really exist. Such people react sharply to statements about their appearance.
The anorectic stage is characterized by the activity shown in connection with the correction of one's own shortcomings. At this stage in the development of the disease, patients lose up to 20-50% of their original weight. At the same time there are:
- menstrual disorders;
- oligomenorrhea;
- diseases of the endocrine system.
Initially, patients mask behavior. In an effort to lose weight, they increase physical activity and gradually move away from traditional dishes in favor of low-calorie ones.
In the future, patients are looking for new diets to lose weight. At this stage, frequent refusals to eat attract attention. In addition, patients begin:
- smoke;
- to drink coffee;
- take specific medications;
- artificially induce vomiting after eating.
In the anorctic stage, patients remain active. A strong decrease in working capacity is observed with a cachectic degree of anorexia. This stage is characterized by the development of persistent amenorrhea, which leads to rapid weight loss. Along the way, other signs of the disease are detected:
- pronounced endocrine pathologies;
- dry skin;
- baldness;
- slow heartbeat;
- decrease in body temperature, blood sugar.
Due to severe exhaustion, patients spend more time in bed. However, they continue to refuse food. About 20% of patients who reach the cachectic stage die.
Causes of the disease
There are the following causes of anorexia:
- psychological trauma;
- depressed mental state caused by stress, dissatisfaction with oneself, and so on;
- taking certain medications;
- diseases of the internal organs.
Diuretic, hormonal and other pills cause dysfunction of the internal organs. Changes in the work of the latter provokes a metabolic disorder, which leads to weight loss.
More often, anorexia develops against the background of patients' own problems caused by family conflicts, dissatisfaction with appearance, and mental disorders.
Anorexia in men
The same factors that affect the condition of women lead to the development of this pathology in men.
It is possible to recognize the presence of diseases in the first by the following signs: close attention to weight; exhaustion diets; constant operation of home scales.
In the development of anorexia in men, diets play a primary role. Specific nutrition and refusal of food in an effort to improve one's own appearance leads to a sharp decrease in body weight.
Anorexia in children
The appearance of anorexia in children is due to disorders of a neurotic nature. Decreased appetite in a child is observed in the presence of the following factors: hyperprotection; lack of attention (especially from parents); improper nutrition.
Signs of illness in children
- the child consumes only certain foods;
- shows aversion to food;
- eats quickly;
- body weight decreases.
Signs of anorexia in adolescents occur due to hormonal changes in the body. In addition, nervous disorders should be attributed to the causes of the development of diseases in this category of patients.
The first signs of anorexia in adolescents
- the desire of a teenager to constantly look at himself in the mirror;
- rejection of one's own appearance;
- a teenager eats separately from everyone;
- frequent physical activity;
- careful tracking of changes in weight;
- consumption of laxatives and emetics;
- irritability and other mental disorders.
If you suspect anorexia in adolescents, you should seek medical help. Sudden weight loss is not always a sign of pathology. Weight loss in a teenager is often explained by a sharp growth.
Pregnancy and anorexia
Anorexia rarely develops during pregnancy. Both states are incompatible with each other. However, the possibility that a woman suffering from this disease will become pregnant is not ruled out.
It is important to know that in the presence of such a pathology, there is a high probability of spontaneous miscarriage or premature birth. In addition, due to the lack of nutrients in the mother's body, caused by a lack of nutrition, the development of the child is complicated. The baby has birth defects.
Diagnosis of the disease
If you suspect anorexia, it is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner. The condition of people suffering from pathology is assessed on the basis of specialized tests.
During the diagnosis of the patient, special attention is paid to signs of pathology. First of all, it is estimated whether the mass has reached a critical point. A deviation from the norm of weight in anorexia is the situation when this indicator falls below 15%.
To make a diagnosis, the behavior of the patient is assessed. If he is dissatisfied with his weight, constantly refuses food and seeks to get rid of extra pounds by any means, then this indicates the presence of a disease.
In addition, it is necessary to differentiate anorexia nervosa (bulimia) from other pathologies. This can be achieved through: a general blood test; blood test for hormones; radiography; head CT; electrocardiogram and other methods.
The attending physician appoints a consultation with other specialists, including an endocrinologist and a cardiologist. Women are additionally examined by a gynecologist.
How is anorexia treated?
Treatment of anorexia involves a complex effect on the causes of the development of pathology and the elimination of symptoms. What to do to restore the patient's condition is determined based on the diagnostic results.
Therapy Methods
- cognitive impact. The main objective of this method is to increase the patient's self-esteem and eliminate the obsession to lose weight.
- Family psychotherapy. It is prescribed mainly to minor patients. The method provides for the normalization of relationships in the family and the elimination of the causative factor that caused the patient's pathological rejection of his own appearance.
- Medical therapy. It involves taking drugs that restore mental state. Medical therapy is prescribed in extreme cases.
For successful recovery of the patient, nutrition correction and treatment at home is necessary. The latter should complement, but not replace, the main therapy.
Treatment at home
Treatment of anorexia at home involves nutritional correction. At the same time, the patient needs to drink infusions that increase appetite more often.
To restore the mental state, sports, relaxing techniques, and meditation are recommended. The main thing is that the patient is aware that he has a problem and has a desire to get rid of it.
Nutrition
The diet for anorexia at the initial stage is designed to eliminate the lack of vitamins and minerals. In this case, you can not load the body. Therefore, the diet should include few calories.
During the first few days, the patient is given small portions of food. In the future, the amount of food consumed gradually increases. It is necessary that nutrition in anorexia does not cause dysfunction of the digestive organs. This can be avoided by giving the patient porridge-like meals. Meals should be frequent and fractional.
In addition, you need to set the time of eating and drink plenty of fluids. During the rehabilitation period, it is recommended to saturate the diet with foods rich in vitamins and trace elements.
Prevention
To avoid the development of anorexia, it is important to eat properly and regularly. It is not recommended to specifically limit yourself to food, trying to lose extra pounds.
You should not withdraw into yourself or strive to be like models. According to statistics, about 32% of patients after the end of the course of treatment again rapidly lose weight. To prevent the development of such events, you need to communicate with your surroundings more often and avoid stress.
Forecast and consequences
What anorexia leads to is difficult to predict. It provokes multiple disturbances in the work of internal systems. The following are the most common consequences for the body caused by a sharp weight loss:
- nervous and cognitive disorders;
- weakened immune system;
- pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
- hormonal imbalance;
- osteoporosis;
- renal pathologies.
In severe cases, anorexia can be fatal.
Complications caused by the course of pathology are reversible only at the initial stages of the development of the disease. Therefore, when the first signs of anorexia occur, it is necessary to seek medical help.
Anorexia (anorexia - an - the prefix of denial, orexis - appetite) in modern society has become quite widespread artificially among young girls and women. In pursuit of beauty and the desire to look thinner, women resort to debilitating fasting, low-calorie diets, artificially induce vomiting and resort to frequent gastric lavage.
Disease Facts:
CAUSES OF ANOREXIA
Anorexia disease mainly occurs against the background of a mental disorder when trying to achieve the so-called "ideal figure", while the person does not leave the feeling that his body weight is too large for any values.
Factors affecting the development of the disease:
- body intoxication.
- Diabetes.
- Anemia.
- Alcoholism and drug addiction.
- thyrotoxicosis.
- Hormonal disruptions.
- Immunological disorders.
- depressive states.
- Disorders in the work of the endocrine system.
- Chronic kidney dysfunction.
- Diseases of the digestive tract.
- Tumors with a malignant course.
- Prolonged hyperthermia.
- Inflammatory processes in the mouth and lesions of the teeth.
- Damage to the body by helminths.
- Overdose of drugs (drugs with a high content of caffeine, sedatives, antidepressants, tranquilizers).
Among the rare, but significant factors, hereditary predisposition is additionally distinguished. The early onset of menstruation in girls and improperly selected diet during this period can also provoke the progression of this disease.
Psycho-emotional stress against the background of extremely low self-esteem often leads to the fact that a person begins to provoke the appearance of this disease with his conscious and unconscious actions.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE DISEASE
The fight against anorexia helped to identify the following forms of the disease.
By type:
- Primary - the disease is detected in adolescents against the background of hormonal disruptions, malignant neoplasms and neurological pathologies.
- Mental - the disease manifests itself against the background of complex psychiatric disorders.
- Painful mental- patients feel severe weakness when aware of the feeling of hunger in the waking state; during sleep, they may experience the so-called "wolfish appetite".
- Medicinal - arising from the use of medications during the treatment of a wide range of diseases, there is often the intentional use of therapeutic agents that block the feeling of hunger.
- Nervous - at the moment the most common type of anorexia; the disease occurs against the background of an unhealthy desire to lose weight. This type of disease develops in several stages:
- initial- proceeds in a period of 2 to 4 years, is characterized by an obsessive search for defects in one's body;
- anorectic- this stage is characterized by weight loss, which can be about 50%;
- cachectic- characterized by a sharp weight loss, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue, menstrual irregularities, dystrophic changes;
- reduction stage- the recovery stage, at this stage the patient can both completely recover from anorexia, and go into a state of deep depression against the backdrop of gaining body weight.
SYMPTOMS
With anorexia, a person quickly loses about 15% of the initial body weight, and one of the main symptoms of the disease is a complete lack of appetite.
A person in this state constantly experiences severe weakness and gets tired for no reason, in women the menstrual cycle is significantly disrupted, while men can suffer from sexual dysfunction.
Other symptoms of anorexia:
- insomnia;
- obsessive desire to lose weight;
- over-concern with your body weight;
- problems in the definition of feelings (patients can not distinguish between hunger and sadness);
- periodic fluctuations in body weight (from 3 kilograms per month);
- unreasonable aversion to previously favorite foods;
- unhealthy craving for laxatives;
- painful muscle spasms;
- muscle atrophy;
- very narrow fat layer under the skin;
- increased fragility of nails;
- dryness and brittle hair.
When meeting people with sunken eyes and a clear blue under them, whose stomach is strongly drawn in and their ribs protrude, we can confidently say that they suffer from this ailment.
The disease can be exacerbated by tooth loss and low blood pressure. Patients are characterized by sudden mood swings and frequent fainting with loss of consciousness.
Anorexia nervosa has a number of additional symptoms that are unique to it.
Symptoms of anorexia nervosa:
- constant chills due to poor circulation in the body;
- body temperature below 36.6 degrees;
- atypical growth of vellus hair over the body;
- constant craving for increased physical activity;
- strong irritability when it is impossible to achieve the tasks;
- when choosing clothes, preference is given to overly spacious, oversized baggy things.
Patients often show unquenchable aggressiveness in defending their beliefs about their own weight, which eventually develops into agoraphobia. This process eventually leads to a feeling of loss of control over the course of one's own life.
DIAGNOSTICS
Despite the fact that such a disease as anorexia is perceived in modern society as an acceptable and acceptable state of the body, we must not forget that this is still a disease that requires careful diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The main method for diagnosing anorexia is to measure the body mass index. This procedure involves finding the ratio of body weight to height squared. Normal BMI values are between 18.5 and 25. Anything less than 16 indicates anorexia.
Other diagnostic methods:
- Clinical analysis of urine and blood.
- Determination of hormonal levels.
- Radiography.
- Gastroscopy.
- Esophagomanometry.
- Electrocardiogram.
Diagnosis of patients with anorexia involves a mandatory examination by a psychotherapist.
TREATMENT
Patients with anorexia undergo complex treatment, which is aimed at restoring their somatic condition and gradually gaining normal body weight.
Treatment of anorexia begins with consultations with a psychotherapist, who must make the patient believe in the danger of this disease and force him to start a course of treatment. Therapeutic therapy is carried out in a hospital under the constant supervision of the attending staff.
The course of medical therapy:
- Permanent psychological help.
- Return to normal eating.
- Working on a set of healthy body weight.
- Withdrawal from depression.
- Psychotherapy with family members.
- Constant care.
- Patient support.
Medical treatment:
- Antidepressants.
- Multivitamin complexes.
- Antipsychotics.
- Antipsychotic drugs.
- Atypical neuroleptics.
- Hormonal substances.
When treating, one should take into account the fact that anorexia is a disease in which drug treatment is recommended in very limited dosages. This is due to the fact that the removal of chemicals from the body can be complicated due to the strong weakening of the body and its inability to cope with such tasks on its own.
Therapeutic nutrition begins with the intake of low-calorie foods in limited doses with a gradual increase. In severe cases of anorexia, intravenous administration of nutrients into the body is allowed.
DANGEROUS COMPLICATIONS
The main complications that this disease leads to:
- disorders in the work of the cardiovascular system;
- severe swelling of the extremities due to a lack of proteins in the body;
- malfunctions of the digestive system;
- increased bone fragility, frequent fractures;
- a decrease in brain mass, irreversible disturbances in its work;
- severe prolonged depression, "losing yourself", pre-suicidal mood;
- disrupted work of the endocrine system;
- loss of reproductive function;
- hypovitaminosis.
Anorexia is the cause of most suicides among adolescents.
Cases have been recorded when those who recovered from anorexia began to eat heavily, which eventually led to the development of another disease - bulimia.
PREVENTION OF ANOREXIA
Considering that during anorexia the body is subjected to extremely high loads, and the treatment process does not end in recovery in all cases, persons prone to illness are advised to follow a set of preventive measures aimed at avoiding serious manifestations of this disease.
Preventive measures:
- regular consultations with a psychotherapist;
- balanced food, high nutrition culture;
- avoidance of severe stress;
- any diet should be coordinated with a nutritionist;
- moderate alcohol consumption, complete cessation of smoking and drug use.
PROGNOSIS FOR RECOVERY
Taking into account the fact that a dangerous mental disorder is hidden behind the disease, the prognosis for recovery is not entirely favorable. Quite often, patients experience relapses of the disease, which can lead to death. Patients must be aware of what anorexia is, what exactly is its danger, in order to successfully fight the disease.
With a favorable psychological atmosphere created by loved ones, the chances of a full recovery and the absence of relapses in the future are very high.
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