Biography. Memories, documents and materials
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JOFFE ADOLF ABRAMOVICH (pseudonym V. Krymsky) - Soviet party and statesman, diplomat.
Son A.Ya. Iof-fe, one of the largest predecessors of the South of Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. A venerable honorary gra-zh-da-nin. Since the late 1890s, he participated in the revolutionary movement, and in 1901 he joined the RSDLP. He studied at the medical faculty of Berlin (1903-1904) and at the law faculty of Zurich universities (1906-1907), then graduated from the medical faculty of Venice. skogo university. In 1905, he took part in the Revolution of 1905-1907. Together with L.D. Trotsky (Ioffe became his closest friend), A.L. Par-woo-som and M.I. Sko-bele-vym in Ve-da launched the newspaper “Prav-da” (1908-1912).
In 1912-1917, he was under arrest, in prison, and in exile in the CBC. After the February Revolution of 1917, he came to Petrograd and joined the group “inter-district” (side-of-the-unit RSDLP), together with Trotsky, launched the newspaper “Vpered”. In the summer of 1917, he joined the RSDLP(b) and was elected a member of the party’s Central Committee. During the October Revolution of 1917, he was a member of the Petrograd military-en-no-re-vo-lu-tsi-on-no-go ko-mi-te-ta. Chairman (November 1917 - January 1918), member (January - February 1918) of the de-le-ga-tion of the RSFSR on transfers with countries On the fourth day of the Soviet Union in Brest-Litovsk, on December 2 (15), 1917, he entered into an agreement with them about the transfer of peace; when discussing the issue of peace with Germany and her union, Trots discussed whom. De-pu-tat of the Academic Council (January 1918).
In 1918, the first full representative of the RSFSR in Germany. In Ber-lin, on August 27, 1918, he concluded an additional agreement to the Bre-st-world of 1918, a settled sum -mu con-tri-bu-tion (6 billion ma-rock), which the RSFSR should have up-la-tied Germany. Participated in the preparation of the November Revolution of 1918 in Germany, in connection with this not long before She was expelled from the country along with other Soviet workers. In 1919, a member of the Defense Council and the People's Commissar of State Control of the Ukrainian SSR. Led negotiations and concluded peace agreements between the RSFSR and Es-to-ni-ey, Lat-vi-ey, Lit-voy (1920), Poland (1921). You stood up for the deprivation of self-independence in the external world of the Soviet republics that were in the union. ze with the RSFSR. Since 1921, he insisted on the pro-ve-de-nii of the active Soviet foreign policy, believing that its “defensive ne -ri-od” is finished. In 1921-1922, Chairman of the Turkmenistan Mission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Head of the de-le-ga-tion of the RSFSR and the Far Eastern Republic at the Chiang-chun conference of 1922. Member of the Pre-zi-diu-ma of the Soviet de-le-ga-tion at the Gene-nu-ez-conference of 1922. Extraordinary full representative of the RSFSR, then the USSR in China (1922-1923). In 1923, he conducted talks about the norms of Soviet-Japanese relations. Full-time representative of the USSR in Austria (1924-1925). Since 1925, Deputy Chairman of the Main Concession Committee of the USSR.
In 1926-1927, a student at the Ob-e-di-nyon-noy op-po-zi-tion. Not being able to continue to fight against I.V. due to severe pain. Sta-li-na and his fellow-rat-niks, ended their lives by suicide after the expulsion of L.D. Trotsko from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In his pre-death letter, Trots wrote to him that his self-murder “is a pro-test of a fighter.” In the best way, Ioffe turned into a ma-ni-fe-sta-tion side of the op-po-zi-tion.
Essays:
External in Soviet Russia. M., 1918;
Peaceful place. P., 1921;
Ge-nu-ez-skaya conference. M., 1922;
The last uto-pist (Pop-per-Lin-ke-us). M.; L., 1926;
Japan today. M., 1926;
Pre-death letter, ad-re-so-van-noe L. D. Trots-ko-mu // Diplo-ma-ti-che-year-book, 1989. M. , 1990;
Di-pl-mat re-vo-lu-tion. Sat. work. Boston, 1998.
Illustration:
Portrait of A. A. Joffe. BRE Archive.
On June 6, at the age of 87, the man who made the Simferopol city network the best in the Soviet Union, an honorary citizen of the capital of Crimea No. 1, died.
Adolf Abramovich Ioffe worked at Krymenergo for 55 years: just a month ago, a working meeting dedicated to this significant date was held in the assembly hall of the Simferopol City Distribution Zone, at which the honored power engineer made a report on measures to reduce the number of accidents in the cable lines of the capital of Crimea. A civil funeral service took place in the same hall. It is likely that this was the only time in the entire history of the Simferopol city power grid when free entry to a sensitive energy facility was open to all visitors without exception...
The hall could not accommodate everyone: people walked in an endless stream, many, having said goodbye to the deceased and expressing condolences to loved ones, immediately left, making way for others carrying funeral bouquets... The speakers spoke about integrity and dedication, about loyalty to one’s word and friendship, about truth, said without regard to rank and selfless service to the profession. In the hall, Crimean politicians and electricians in greasy uniforms, Krymenergo employees and major entrepreneurs stood shoulder to shoulder; the relatives of the deceased and colleagues of Adolf Abramovich were equally wiping away tears.
The civil memorial service was attended by the head of Simferopol Viktor Ageev, deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea led by Chairman Vladimir Konstantinov, representatives of the Council of Ministers, members of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Crimea (for them the event was more personal, because the son of Adolf Abramovich Grigory Ioffe heads the Public Chamber of the Republic of Crimea) , Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Crimea Lyudmila Lubina, head of the State Council Committee on Legislation Efim Fiks, head of the Simferopol administration Gennady Bakharev, rector of the Crimean Federal University Sergei Donich, representatives of social and political circles of the Republic of Crimea and the former leadership of Crimea (former head of parliament Boris Deitch , former head of Simferopol Gennady Babenko and many others).
On behalf of the energy workers, condolences were expressed to their families and friends by the Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Republic of Crimea Sergei Egorov and the General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Krymenergo" Viktor Plakida, as well as the managers and employees of the Simferopol divisions of the State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Krymenergo" - both those working now and those who suffered honor to have worked with Adolf Abramovich previously. According to the unanimous opinion of energy experts, the death of Adolf Abramovich was a serious loss for the industry.
Adolf Ioffe dreamed of becoming an electrical engineer from early childhood, but he followed a rather difficult path to his dream. At the age of 15, giving himself two years of age, he went to military school - Adolf Abramovich did not hide the fact that he did this out of concern for his mother: his father died early, and the family was starving. And in 1944 he already took part in the battles near Warsaw. Then there were years of institute and work at the Chita-1 power plant. Adolf Joffe had great respect for the rule that existed at that time: the path to engineering positions was provided only after working in lower, blue-collar positions. The honored power engineer of the Ukrainian SSR and Crimea started as a boiler operator, turbine operator, control panel duty officer...
Returning to his homeland, Simferopol, he wanted to work at Krymenergo, but the dream came true only in 1960. And - it became his destiny... Starting as a foreman of the substation service of the Simferopol network district, Adolf Abramovich became the head of the service, then the head of the Distribution Zone, the director of the City Electric Network of Simferopol, then an adviser to the Chairman of the Board - General Director of OJSC Krymenergo. For more than half a century, every day, until his death, Adolf Abramovich came to his workplace.
Principled, sometimes harsh, never recognizing ranks, putting high-quality work at the forefront - Adolf Ioffe changed technologies and designs, increasing reliability and making the work of workers easier. As a result, the Simferopol city network was the first in the Soviet Union to transfer its networks from 6 to 10 kilovolts (this was a serious achievement at that time) and was the first to introduce many serious improvements that make the lives of power engineers easier today - not only in our country, but also abroad .
In 1988, the bulletin of the Ministry of Energy of the Ukrainian SSR wrote about the Simferopol city grid as follows: “In terms of all production indicators, Simferopol city RES-1 occupies a leading position among similar divisions of the USSR Ministry of Energy. In terms of reliability of power supply to consumers, efficiency and safety, this distribution zone is one of the best power grid areas in the Soviet Union.”
In order to spread the advanced experience of Crimea throughout the Union, the USSR Ministry of Energy ordered Adolf Abramovich to give lectures at the Leningrad Institute for Advanced Training of Energy Management Personnel. For almost 10 years, until the collapse of the Union, he taught others what he himself knew thoroughly. Seven copyright certificates, gold and silver medals from VDNKh recognized only the most serious part of his work. And the energy sector required attention every hour: day and night, on holidays and on weekdays. And Adolf Joffe gave everything he could to his favorite work.
At some point, he realized that he could change even more by taking responsibility not only for the town hall, but for the entire city. For special services, the session of the City Council unanimously awarded Adolf Ioffe the title of honorary citizen of the city of Simferopol: this was the first time such an award was given, and the certificate bore a special number - “1”.
Adolf Abramovich was repeatedly elected as a deputy of the Simferopol City Council, worked as the first deputy chairman of the Simferopol City Executive Committee, was a member of the city executive committee, and from 2002 to 2006 - a deputy of the Supreme Council of Crimea. He was feared for the harshness of his judgments, respected for his integrity, strict adherence to the letter of the law and lack of respect for rank.
One of Adolf Joffe’s favorite quotes is the statement of academician P. L. Kapitsa: “For the desire to create to appear, the basis must be dissatisfaction with the existing, that is, one must be a dissenter.” It is quite possible that it was dissent that became the reason for the energy worker’s departure from big politics...
Adolf Abramovich did not make concessions to others or himself: he lived in a simple apartment on the 4th floor and died there, he gave the same simple car to his son almost immediately after the purchase, making do with the bare essentials in life. The only luxury he recognized was knowledge and good books - especially on history. He also wrote: Adolf Ioffe has more than 50 scientific and technical publications, teaching aids and books. The author will no longer see the last one, completed quite recently...
An entire era has passed with the death of Adolf Joffe, and his experience will certainly be missed - especially now that Crimea is so vulnerable in the energy sector. But... “The more difficult, the more interesting!” Adolf Abramovich liked to repeat. And then he added: “Calm down! It will be even more interesting!”
"MK in Crimea" expresses condolences to the family and friends of Adolf Abramovich.
The fate of this man is amazing in many respects. There was a time when he was at the very pinnacle of power, becoming, in Stalin’s words, one of the “marshals of the revolution.”
Years passed, and all these “marshals, generals and officers of the CPSU (b)” were defamed, crushed and destroyed by the same party.
Decades passed, and the same party began to rehabilitate them, restore them to its “glorious” ranks, but posthumously, without asking either them, which is already impossible, or their surviving relatives, whether they want to be in this party?
The hero of our essay is a rare exception in this regard: no one expelled him, no one arrested him, and therefore no one ever rehabilitated him. This happened only because he himself, long before the Apocalypse, understood the extent of the catastrophe that, not without his active participation, befell his homeland, and having understood it, he shot himself. He shot himself long before the first massacres of his kind: seven years before the murder of Kirov and his subsequent execution as a “follower” of Trotsky; ten years before the execution of almost all Soviet diplomats, and he was one of the most prominent of them; twenty years before the “Leningrad Affair”, and he was most closely connected with this city.
He was doomed, and therefore even his “unauthorized” death was not forgiven. Throughout the Soviet and post-Soviet times, his name was consigned to oblivion, and only white generals in their memoirs constantly mention him among their worst enemies: next to Ulyanov-Lenin, but ahead of Stalin.
This man is Adolf Abramovich Ioffe. He was born in 1883 in Simferopol into a wealthy merchant family. From the age of 14, instead of thinking about how to join the family business, the boy is carried away by the ideas of the revolution, carries out small assignments from local social democrats, listens avidly, and reads with interest. In 1902, he officially joined the RSDLP and began working in the board of propagandists and agitators of the Simferopol organization. It should be emphasized that in those years the Crimean Social Democrats - social democrats stood on pro-Menshevik positions, having an extremely negative attitude both towards the ideas of Ulyanov (Lenin), who was quickly striving to become a leader, and towards him personally. At the famous Second Party Congress, which laid the foundation for “Bolshevism” and “Menshevism,” the Crimean delegate M.S. Makadzyub was a Menshevik.
After graduating from high school, Adolf could not get into any higher educational institution in Russia, since in the eyes of the authorities he had already sufficiently compromised himself with political activities and therefore received a “wolf ticket”. At the expense of his parents, he travels to Berlin, where he enters the medical faculty of the university. At the same time, he does not stop his revolutionary activities. In 1904, on instructions from the Central Committee, he travels to Baku with a transport of literature, and then goes to work in Crimea.
The time has come for the first Russian revolution. In Sevastopol, A.A. Ioffe arranges an escape from prison for Feldman, a participant in the uprising on the battleship Potemkin. He works in trade unions, but the threat of imminent arrest forces him to seek refuge in a foreign land again. His political activity takes on even greater scope - he becomes a member of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the united RSDLP. But it should be noted that he entered this “united” from the Mensheviks.
In the spring of 1907, by decree of Chancellor von Bülow, he was expelled from Germany as an “undesirable foreigner.” If von Bülow knew that not even ten years would pass before he would receive the “undesirable foreigner” as an ambassador of a sovereign, friendly state.
Adolf Abramovich leaves for Moscow, but is forced to emigrate abroad again. This time to Switzerland. There he entered the law faculty of the university and at the same time worked for the Swiss Socialist Party and the RSDLP newspaper "Forward", published in Vienna. In 1910, he returned illegally to Russia, where two years later he was arrested and exiled to the Far North.
Soon the police themselves extract him from exile and involve him in the trial of the Black Sea sailors in Odessa. He publicly admits to belonging to the RSDLP and receives a new sentence - lifelong exile to Siberia. Another old case comes up, again the trial and now hard labor. He is sent to the Yenisei province.
The February revolution frees Adolf Abramovich, and he goes to Petrograd, where he is immediately elected as a member of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. At home, in Crimea, he is elected as a delegate to the congress of United Social Democrats, but he leaves the congress, deciding to break with Menshevism. He published his conclusions and thoughts of that time in a specially published brochure: “The Collapse of Menshevism.”
At the VI Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, together with the “Mezhrayontsy” - representatives of various directions in the RSDLP, among whom were later prominent party leaders Volodarsky (M.M. Goldstein), A.V. Lunacharsky, D.Z. Manuilsky, L.D. Trotsky, M.S. Uritsky and others, becomes a member of the Bolshevik Party and is immediately elected to the Central Committee. He takes an active part in the October Revolution, and then from the first day, from the first hour, his unprecedented diplomatic activity begins on the untrodden paths of Soviet diplomacy.
Together with Commander-in-Chief N.V. Krylenko, he leaves for the Dvina Front to implement the Decree on Peace. December 3 (November 20), 1917 - in Brest-Litovsk he leads the Soviet delegation. Negotiations are going extremely difficult. Apparently Joffe is not aware of the secret obligations of Ulyanov (Lenin) to the German General Staff, which financed the activities of the Bolsheviks in the pre-October period. His position as head of the delegation does not fit into the scheme developed by Lenin, and therefore he was recalled, sending him as the first ambassador to Germany.
In June 1918, a peace delegation left Moscow for Germany to conduct trade negotiations. Trade is a new and unfamiliar matter for the “eternal revolutionaries”. V.I. Lenin sends a letter of confidence to A.A. Ioffe:
“Comrade Joffe! Sokolnikov and Bukharin are coming to you, and apparently Larin too. I’m taking this opportunity to warn you. I’m sitting at a meeting of those leaving (without Larin) and I hear speeches against the fact that “Joffe is moving the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs to Berlin.” .
Bukharin is loyal, but got carried away into “left-wing stupidity” to hell, Sokolnikov has gone crazy again, Larin is a rushing intellectual, a first-rate blurt. Therefore, be careful with all these lovely and wonderful delegates. Sokolnikov is a most valuable worker, but sometimes (and right now) it “gets to him” and he “breaks the dishes” because of paradoxes. If you don't take precautions, he will fill your dishes there. And Bukharin - three times. Be careful.
I hope that Krasin and Ganetsky, as business people, will help you and everything will work out. Your Lenin."
Apparently, the warnings were not in vain, because a draft telegram to Berlin soon appeared:
“Ambassador Ioffe has already been given, and more than once, all the powers up to and including sending Larin back! I confirm these powers.”
My God! What a company! But Bukharin and Sokolnikov are the largest figures of the party and state, Larin is one of the founders of the State Planning Committee.
I’ll pause to say a few more words about Larina. The fact is that his real name is Lurie, he was born in Simferopol, graduated from high school here, got involved with revolutionaries and then followed a familiar pattern, which ends with the usual entry in a biography: he was undeservedly repressed in 1937. It is also interesting that he was married to Larin’s daughter Bukharin.
In those years she was a very young woman. Before his arrest, Bukharin forced her to memorize his letter to the future leaders of the Central Committee, where he swears allegiance to the ideas of communism and devotion to the party. Having gone through all the Gulag camps, miraculously surviving and waiting for the Khrushchev thaw, she handed over the letter to its destination. But it didn’t touch the next one, the general secretary.
In his position as ambassador of the most important state for Russia at that time - Germany, he did not have a good relationship with G.V. Chicherin. A.A. Ioffe, using his party connections and personal friendship with V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, often acts “over the head” of the People’s Commissar, going directly to the Predsovnarkom or the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Union, with whom he was especially close. G.V. Chicherin, naturally, did not like this.
During this period, V.I. Lenin wrote a stern letter directly to A.A. Ioffe and gave a telegram to L.B. Krasin.
"Secret. I fully appreciate Joffe's work and certainly approve of it, but I urgently demand that Joffe behave like an ambassador, above whom the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs is superior, and maintain decorum, without swearing or bullying others, asking about everything important to the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. Only then I can and will support Ambassador Ioffe. I hope for your tact in instilling this in Ambassador Ioffe and am waiting for an answer.
Lenin. July 3, 1918"
On July 6, the Left Social Revolutionaries assassinate the German Ambassador to Moscow Mirbach. In response, the Soviet ambassador was demonstratively expelled from Germany.
Finding himself thus out of work, Adolf Abramovich intends to go to Crimea, but at Lenin’s insistence he is sent to the Defense Council of Ukraine. For some period, while Russia is in complete diplomatic isolation, this affects the fate of A. A. Ioffe, he turns out to be “unclaimed.” This weighs on him, and he writes to Lenin, actually reminding him of himself and asking... for work! He responds with a warm letter from which we quote the following lines:
"You were and remain one of the first and best diplomats and politicians. Turkey? Turkestan? Can we get by without you? Romania? I'm afraid we won't."
A.A.Ioffe returns to diplomatic work. Concludes a peace treaty with Estonia. Participates in peace negotiations with Poland. In 1922, he performed a lot of work as a member of the delegation at the Genoa Conference. Since the same year, he has been plenipotentiary in China and at the same time has been conducting negotiations with Japan. Since 1924, deputy ambassador in London, and after signing an agreement with England - plenipotentiary in Austria.
Death of V.I. Lenin immediately affected his fate. In modern language, A.A. Ioffe was a man of “his team.”
Immediately followed by a recall to Moscow and meaningless work at the university, then at the State Planning Committee...
In the discussion that broke out in the party, he sided with the Trotskyist opposition.
In the library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine I took files of Soviet newspapers of those years. The terrible thirty-seventh was already being watched in savoring the details of the defeat of the opposition. The defeat is still only ideological, but the sword has already been raised. Adolf Abramovich may be one of the first to understand this. On November 17, 1927, he committed suicide with a shot to the temple.
His path to the revolution was not easy, but there was nothing in his biography that would make his descendants feel ashamed. “Left communist” during the Brest Peace Treaty period, who confidently defended the impossibility of concluding a peace treaty that would be treasonous for the interests of Russia. An oppositionist, a person who had and abandoned his opinion, his convictions - he was inconvenient.
The funeral was held, as was customary to say, according to the highest standards. The coffin was carried by G.V. Chicherin, M.M. Litvinov, L.M. Karakhan, but they buried him not at the Kremlin wall, but at the Novodevichy cemetery, which was considered a lower rank.
A few years later, his name was branded with the prefix “Trotskyist,” and, it seemed, forever erased from history.
Adolf Abramovich wrote a dozen books, which immediately after his death ended up in special storage and were never republished. It is noteworthy that he signed most of them with the literary pseudonym “V. Krymsky”, since he always felt an inextricable connection with his native land.
Half a century after his death, I first began to collect material about my fellow countryman A.A. Ioffe and then I contacted his nephew Adolf Abramovich Ioffe, at that time the head of Simferopol RES "Krymenergo", who said that he received his rare name Adolf in memory of his father’s brother, a famous diplomat and revolutionary. Then he skeptically noted that it would never be possible to write about Ioffe, much less publish material about him!
In 1991, fate brought me together with Adolf Abramovich in the Simferopol City Council, where we worked for almost five years. I don’t know what Adolf Abramovich Sr. was like, but I sincerely fell in love with the younger one: for his rare intelligence, humor, decency and what most deputies lacked - intelligence.
Crimeans are also well aware of the third Ioffe - journalist, editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Republic of Crimea", my good comrade Ioffe Grigory Adolfovich.
Last name Ioffe I very often came across it in the materials of the Crimean state archive both for the 19th century and for the 20th. I am sure that they will meet in the 21st, 22nd, and further centuries.
Vladimir Polyakov
Joffe Adolf Abramovich is often referred to in historical sources as Victor Krymsky. He was an ardent participant in the revolutionary movement, despite his origins from a wealthy family. With the advent of Soviet power, he became a diplomat. Several important peace treaties were signed with his hand. This man’s political activity could have continued, but everything was decided by an insidious infection and loss of faith. Who was Adolf Abramovich?
Life before the February Revolution
Joffe Adolf Abramovich was born on October 10, 1883 in the family of a wealthy merchant from Simferopol. My father owned vehicles all over Crimea. He provided his second son with a good education:
- University in Berlin - Faculty of Medicine, from which he did not graduate;
- University of Zurich - attended lectures at the Faculty of Law;
- University in Vienna - studied to be a doctor, was interested in psychiatry, was a listener and follower of Adler.
From the beginning of the twentieth century, he was engaged in revolutionary activities and was a participant in the events of 1905. A year later he was exiled to Siberia, but the young man managed to escape and settle in Switzerland, then in Berlin.
Joffe Adolf Abramovich, whose biography is related to the revolution in Russia, did not break ties with his country. He visited it illegally, organizing work among revolutionary-minded representatives of the working class.
Since 1908, Joffe had friendly relations with Trotsky. In Vienna they published the newspaper Pravda together.
This went on for four years until Adolf Abramovich was arrested in Odessa. He was sent to Tobolsk and arrested again a year later. This time the punishment was more severe: deprivation of rights along with all his fortune, lifelong exile to Siberia.
Participation in the events of 1917
After the February events, Ioffe Adolf Abramovich was released. He came to Petrograd and became a member of the organization headed by Trotsky. Together they published the magazine “Forward”.
In the summer of 1917, the politician was elected to the Petrograd Duma. Having arrived from hard labor, he was a Menshevik, but now he led the Bolsheviks.
What was his fate after the October Revolution?
Diplomatic activities
Joffe Adolf Abramovich was appointed to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. He participated in the following foreign policy events:
- meeting in Brest-Litovsk regarding the treaty with Germany;
- signed a peace treaty with Estonia;
- peace with Latvia, Lithuania;
- chaired peace negotiations with the Poles;
- representative from the RSFSR at the Genoa Conference;
- conducted peace negotiations with representatives of the Basmachi.
He worked as a Soviet diplomat in Germany. But due to the revolutionary preparations carried out there, he was expelled from the country with the entire political representation of the RSFSR in 1918. Four years later he became ambassador extraordinary to Japan and China. Served as his country's government representative in Beijing. He published the “Declaration”, which he compiled together with Sun Yat-sen.
By 1927, he was appointed professor of Soviet law at Moscow State University. He also served as Deputy Chairman of the Main Concession of the USSR under Trotsky.
Illness and dying message
While working in Japan, A. A. Ioffe contracted a severe infection - multiple polyneuritis. Due to his illness, he was sent to Austria, where in 1924 he began to occupy the post of political representative in Vienna.
The disease left him unable to move. He was forced to stay in bed. He could not conduct active political activity in this situation. The activist’s state of mind was undermined by the decision of the Central Committee, which refused to provide him with financial assistance for therapy abroad.
Before his death, A. A. Ioffe wrote a ten-page farewell letter. It was intended for Trotsky, whom he called on to wage an uncompromising struggle.
The politician and revolutionary passed away on November 17, 1927. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.
The politician's grave has become a memorial site
The remains of the politician were buried at Novodevichy. The coffin was carried by his diplomatic colleagues - Litvinov, Chicherin, Karakhan. Trotsky made a farewell speech at the coffin. It became the last public appearance of the revolutionary and comrade of the deceased.
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Estonian Embassy in Moscow has annually celebrated the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Tartu at Joffe’s grave. It was Ioffe who acted as the head of the delegation from Soviet Russia. As a result of this agreement, Estonia received significant lands, part of the gold reserves of Tsarist Russia and other concessions from the Soviet government.
Many Estonians who live in Moscow, including embassy employees, take part in the commemorative event.
Personal life
Joffe Adolf Abramovich (1883-1927) was married twice. His first wife was Berta Ilyinichna, whose maiden name was Tsypkina. She gave birth to his daughter Nadezhda in 1906. From 1929, the daughter was in exile and camps until she was released after twenty years of wandering. The woman died in 1999.
The second wife's name was Maria Mikhailovna, her maiden name was Girshberg. The woman, like her daughter Nadezhda, spent twenty years in camps. She died in 1989. She gave birth to his son Vladimir in 1919. At the age of eighteen, he was shot in Tomsk during the repressions of the thirties of the last century.
The daughter has many memories of her father. She described his character, habits, and attitude towards his colleagues in revolutionary activities. Nadezhda imagined her father as an organized, somewhat pedantic person. He did not like to be late, believing that everything should be done on time. According to her, Joffe became interested in the idea of revolution because of the books he read in his youth.
(1927-11-17 ) (44 years old)Biography
He got married very early.
Joffe’s daughter recalled that she once asked him how, coming from such a family, he became a revolutionary, to which he laughed and replied: “Probably because I was very fat as a boy. Ashamed of my fatness, I didn’t run, didn’t play outdoor games, didn’t go to dances. I sat and read books. So I finished reading.”
On March 11, 1918, in a telegram - signed by Joffe - addressed to Lenin on behalf of the Petrograd Bureau of the Central Committee, it was proposed to appoint Trotsky as People's Commissar for War, who had previously resigned from the post of People's Commissar after the approval of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty.
I have no shadow of dissatisfaction with you, no distrust of you. Neither do the Central Committee members, as far as I know them, I spoke with them, I saw their attitude towards you.
In August 1921, he participated, together with Nazir Tyuryakulov, in peace negotiations with the Basmachi leader Shermuhamadbek (Kurshermat). The meeting with the Basmachi leader took place at the headquarters of Shermuhammadbek (Kurshermat), near Margilan in the village of Arabmazor, Fergana region, through the mediation of Saidumarkhuzh Faizikhojaev.
In Japan in 1923, Joffe became ill with a severe infectious disease known as multiple polyneuritis. Due to illness, he was sent to Austria, where he underwent a course of treatment. Since 1924 - plenipotentiary representative in Vienna.
Having been a loyal supporter of Trotsky since 1912, Joffe belonged to the left opposition since 1923. After Lenin's death, he turned to Zinoviev with a proposal to either make the position of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars a collective one, or appoint Trotsky.
Illness and death
Personality
His daughter recalled: “Father was a very organized man, maybe even pedantic. He was never late, he liked to repeat that when he comes to a meeting scheduled at 6 o’clock, the clock strikes six.” “Father’s tastes were strictly classical: in prose - Tolstoy, in poetry - Pushkin.”
Family and repression
The first wife is Berta Ilyinichna (nee Tsypkina). The daughter from her first marriage, Nadezhda (1906-), spent a total of about 20 years in exile and camps (since 1929).
Wife Maria Mikhailovna (nee Girshberg; 1896-1989) spent 20 years in Stalin’s camps, son Vladimir (1919-) was shot in Tomsk.
Memory of Adolf Joffe
Since 2001, the Estonian Embassy in Russia has been celebrating the anniversary of the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty with a memorial event at the grave of Adolf Joffe at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. This event, which has become a tradition, is attended by not only the Estonian Ambassador, diplomats and embassy employees with their family members, but also other Estonians located in Moscow.
Notes
- Ioffe Adolf Abramovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
- filmportal.de - 2005.
- German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #120372258 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012-2016.
- Chapter 1::: Ioffe N.A. - Time ago::: Ioffe Nadezhda Adolfovna::: Memories of the Gulag:: Database:: Authors and texts
- Ioffe Adolf- article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
- Trotsky L. D. Ioffe // Portraits of revolutionaries
- Pseudology.org
- Trotsky, Leon Trotsky
- http://www.pseudology.org/razbory/Solomon/01_01.htm
- Chapter 2::: Ioffe N.A. - Time ago::: Ioffe Nadezhda Adolfovna::: Memories of the Gulag:: Database:: Authors and texts
- From Lenin’s letter to A. A. Ioffe dated March 17, 1921
- Lenin collection / edited by. ed. A. G. Egorova, P. N. Fedoseeva. - M.: Politizdat, 1975. - T. XXXVIII (38). - P. 376.