Dyslalia in children with normal psychophysical development. Dyslalia in children and methods for its elimination. Dyslalia - causes
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Dyslalia is a defect in the perception and pronunciation of speech sounds.
Dyslalia occurs:
- Phonetic - distortion of pronunciation (When a child says various sounds incorrectly - R, L and others).
- Phonemic - replacement of sounds (Replacement of letters, for example S - Sh: went-ambassador).
- Phonetic-phonemic – articulatory disorders.
There are simple and . Simple implies disorders associated with the perception of one sound or one phonetic group. Complex – when sounds from different phonetic groups are not perceived. Phonetic groups are sonorants (P, Rb, L, L, N, N', M, M', J), whistling (S, S', Z, Z'), sibilants (Zh, Sh), africates (Ch, Shch).
Simple dyslalia has forms that include various types of disorders:
Sigmatism
These are disorders associated with the pronunciation of whistling and hissing sounds: S, S', Z, Z', Zh, Sh, Ch, Ts, Shch
Parasigmatism
These are phonetic or phonetic-phonemic defects. Pure sigmatism is divided into interdental, lateral and sometimes interdental. Parasigmatism is divided into labial-dental (sh-f, s-v), whistling-hissing (sh-s, s-sh)
Features of sigmatism
- The defect in speech is built symmetrically, that is, if a hard sound suffers, then the soft one is also distorted.
- If only soft sibilants are used, then the sibilants will be pronounced softer.
- Nasal sigmatism is also determined, but it does not exist as such. If there is a nasal pronunciation of whistling and hissing sounds, then the pronunciation of all sounds will be nasal, and this is rhinolalia. However, nasal sigmatism can occur in deaf and mute people when sounds are presented to them.
- Hissing and whistling sounds are sharply contrasted in terms of acoustic characteristics, but less contrasting in terms of articulation.
Rotacism
This is a violation of the pronunciation of the sounds “R” and “R”. Rhotacism is very common due to the articulatory difficulty of pronunciation. Babies have a regular "R" sound in their babble. But children begin to pronounce a real, pure “R” after 2 years. Articulatory preparedness plays a role here. Normally, the respiratory stream flows through the center of the tongue, the tip of which vibrates, the side edges are pressed against the upper outer teeth.
In case of deviation from the norm, the following are distinguished:
- Lateral rhotacism - one edge of the tongue does not adhere to the upper molars. There is a squelching shade - an average between "r" and "l"
- Guttural rotacism - the activity of the root of the tongue is impaired
- Velar rhotacism - vibration occurs when the root of the tongue approaches the boundaries of the hard and soft palate
- Uvular rotacism - the small tongue of the uvulus vibrates.
- Rolling – forced use of the tongue
- Single-stroke or fricative - pronouncing the English sound “r”
- Kucherskoe “r” is a back-lingual sound like the English “r”.
Pararotacism
Replacement with the sound “l”, in some cases they pronounce “l” instead of “r” or “r” is replaced with “r”, is called pararotacism. Somewhat less common are cases of replacing “p” with “d” and “p” with “g”. There are up to 30 defects in pronouncing the sound “r”.
Lambdacism
The sound “l” is almost not subject to defects and appears as one of the earliest sounds. Paralambdacisms are more common: “l” is replaced with “l”, “l” and “l” with “th”, and sometimes “l” with “v”.
Yotacism
Replacing the letter "y" with "l". There are three defects in the pronunciation of back-lingual sounds:
- Gamacism - sound "g"
- Kappacism - the sound "k"
- Hitism (x) - replacing the sounds “x” with “f”, especially before “v”. Or "x" on "x". For example, cunning - cunning.
Gamacism and cappacism are usually found together in practice. They are characterized by:
- The absence of the sounds “G” and “K”.
- Replacing “k” and “g” with “t” and “d”. For example, a rabbit is a troll.
- Replacing "k" with "k".
All these defects arise due to certain systems of activity. Most sounds are front-lingual and these sounds are also pronounced as front-lingual.
Defects in contrasting consonants according to deafness and voicedness.
Often voiceless consonants are pronounced instead of voiced ones. This is not due to a voice disorder; the phonemic contrast has simply not been learned. This defect is observed in hearing-impaired children, in whom not only paired voiced sounds are deafened, but also unpaired ones. People who are hard of hearing pronounce voiced sounds instead of voiceless ones.
Complex dyslalia
Complex dyslalia includes cases in which combinations of various defects are observed. The most common of them:
- Rotacism and lambdacism
- Rotacism and sigmatism
In cases of a shortened hyoid frenulum, a posterior lingual sound “r” or a replacement of “r” with “d” and lower softened sibilants are observed. For example, the frame is a queen.
- Rotacism, lambdacism and sigmatism
- Phonetic-phonemic disorders
- A combination of phonetic and phonemic, that is, some sounds are replaced, others are distorted.
- The defect is associated with the contrast of sounds in terms of hardness-softness, ringing-dullness with one or another type of defect in the pronunciation of one sound (sigmatism, rhotacism).
- Total dyslalia - when in the child’s pronunciation, of all consonant sounds, only “t” and “d” and nasal, sonorant sounds remain, and vowels are in order. For example: sam-dam, hat-slipper and others.
Sometimes only one sound “t” remains - this defect is called Hottentatism (from the African tribe “Hottentot” - in their speech there are only two consonants - “t” and “d”).
Features of complex dyslalia
The more complex the combination of dyslalia, the more complex the background against which it occurs: a delay in general and mental development. In cases of complex dyslalia, an in-depth additional study of the child is necessary, not only in terms of the characteristics of his behavior, but also intellectual capabilities, as well as characteristics of hearing and vision. Complex dyslalia is a signal that something is wrong with the child’s hearing or vision. In children with hearing impairments, very often the front-lingual sounds are either sharply distorted or replaced by the sound “t”.
If a child has hearing loss of the 2nd or 3rd degree, then an auxiliary criterion will be the peculiarity of the voice; it lacks the necessary metal, the voice seems to be “cotton-like.”
Children with severely reduced vision and blind children may also experience pronunciation defects such as complex dyslalia. This is due to the fact that in such children, sigmatism occurs 3-4 times more often than in the norm. This is due to visual control. But if we establish a connection between interdental sigmatism and visual defects, then, consequently, all hearing-impaired people should have interdental sigmatism, but this is not the case. After all, the child does not see the sounds “k”, “g”, “n” - they are not impaired, but they have complex dyslalia.
A visual defect interferes with speech in general - the blind do not speak by imitation, the visually impaired cannot ask anything, they are passive. Initiative speech develops by age 4. The pronunciation system is formed when the teeth begin to change, hence interdental sigmatism appears. Complex dyslalia occurs against the background of delayed speech communication due to visual defects.
With hearing defects, disorders of the maxillomuscular system are often encountered: progenia, prognathism, anterior open bite, lateral open bite.
Methods for eliminating dyslalia
- Work to overcome dyslalia is always associated with the formation of new skills and abilities, that is, a speech therapist-defectologist rebuilds the child’s existing pronunciation system. Read more about.
- Classes to overcome dyslalia have a developmental role: speech therapy is aimed at developing skills and abilities. This work is educational, and the learning process, unlike the process of imitation, is a conscious process.
- The guideline in speech therapy work is the pronunciation norms adopted in the Russian language. Read more about.
- All work on correcting pronunciation is pedagogical. In cases of medical influence, only a favorable background is created, but it does not correct the defect. Training, demonstrations (when a speech therapist shows the correct articulation of various words in the mirror), etc. are used as pedagogical paths.
- During the classes, the psychophysiological mechanism that ensures normal pronunciation is worked out, as well as the motor-articulatory, auditory and speech-motor system so that the child is capable of normal pronunciation.
Any form of speech impairment and correct pronunciation can be a disaster not only for the child, but also for his parents. Pathology such as dyslalia in children and methods for its elimination is an urgent problem for pediatricians and speech therapists. This form of speech impairment is accompanied by incorrect pronunciation of sounds, but hearing and the functioning of the muscles responsible for articulation during conversation are normal. Dyslalia is a widespread pathology of oral speech. Therefore, every parent should pay attention to the phenomena of incorrect pronunciation of certain letters and promptly seek help from specialists.
Correction of such a pathology, in essence, includes diagnosis of the structure and functionality of the speech apparatus, speech therapy assistance, further education and integration of the child into society.
Dyslalia in children can occur due to organic changes in the speech apparatus (improper development or anomalies in the structure of the tongue, teeth, larynx, etc.), and also be of a functional nature, in which there is improper functioning of the muscles of the lips, tongue, larynx, or disorders of the auditory analyzer.
In dyslalia, the term phonetic defect refers to the distortion of sounds due to problems with muscle articulation. If a child mixes or replaces sounds (usually due to problems with distinguishing them by ear), we are talking about a phonemic speech defect. When the phenomena of hearing deficiency and muscle reproduction of sounds are observed, a separate form of dyslalia is distinguished - sensorimotor. If, when diagnosing a child’s speech, defects are detected in the pronunciation of more than 4 sounds, this form of speech pathology is considered complex.
Complex dyslaliain children of preschool age, it should be corrected as early as possible, so that by the time they start school, such a speech therapy problem does not cause difficulties in obtaining education and social adaptation.
To conveniently designate the variety of this pathology, depending on the pronunciation and which letters are affected, the following terms are used:
- Violation of the pronunciation of the letter “r” – rhotacism, “l” – lamdacism, “g” – gammacism, “k” – caplacism, “x” – chitism, etc.
- Poor pronunciation of hissing sounds, interpreted as sigmatism.
- Difficulty in reproducing soft and hard sounds, which are noted as a corresponding defect.
The presence of several different forms of impaired pronunciation of sounds is considered combined dyslalia.
Causes of dyslastic speech disorder
The following organic changes affecting the speech apparatus lead to the occurrence of dyslalia in children:
- Abnormalities of the lips and tongue(short frenulum of the upper lip or tongue, change in their size, etc.). The soft tissue parts of the vocal apparatus, due to their movement in space, form the basis for the modification of basic sounds. With an abnormal structure of these structures, pronunciation suffers sharply.
- Violation of the development of the bones of the upper and lower jaw, as well as the dentition, changes in the bite, location of the teeth, shape of the hard and soft palate. These structures of the speech skull set the timbre of the voice, taking an active part in phonation. Their anomalies or changes in structure may be due to congenital causes or injuries to the maxillofacial jaw.
If a child has a congenital anomaly such as a cleft palate, in this case the speech defect is designated as rhinolalia. This term emphasizes the involvement of the nasal cavity in the incorrect formation of sounds.
Functional dyslalia in children occurs due to the following reasons:
- Incorrect learning to speak in childhood. Dyslalia in this case is a consequence of incorrectly remembering how sounds should be pronounced due to the specific speech of adults (dialects, fast and imitative speech, etc.).
- Lack of teaching a child to speak for various social reasons.
- Slowing of psychological development, diseases of the central nervous system, pathology of the auditory analyzer.
Establishing the cause of the development of dyslalia is important from the standpoint of planning further correction, i.e. surgically or dentally. At the same time, in the presence of neurological causes leading to this form of speech impairment, conservative therapy that improves the child’s cognitive abilities has a beneficial effect on the subsequent formation of speech.
The characteristics of children with such speech pathology allow a speech therapist and even parents to suspect it based on the following signs:
- Missing sounds when speaking. During a conversation, children miss the sound that they cannot pronounce, regardless of its location in the word. “I can’t and I won’t,” they think.
- Substitution of sounds leading to the pronunciation of a completely different letter in a word.
- Mixing sounds. It is revealed by the fact that the child pronounces some words normally, and in other parts he replaces certain letters with others.
- Distortion of letters during pronunciation, leading to incorrect sound reproduction.
But despite this, such children have a sufficient vocabulary for their age and speak adequately with adults and peers. However, the pronunciation of some words suffers.
It is worth noting that in some cases, speech therapists identify the so-called physiological form of dyslalia, which goes away on its own by the age of 5-6 years. This variant of impaired speech is often observed with minimal organic or functional damage to the speech apparatus or insufficient preschool preparation of the child, for example, when parents talk very little to the baby.
Diagnosis of pathology
Determining this type of speech disorder begins with asking parents about the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the psychomotor development of the newborn. At these moments, various reasons may appear that cause a violation of the correct formation of the speech apparatus. Next, the speech therapist evaluates the pronunciation of all sounds, and a speech map is drawn up for a child with dyslalia, which reflects exactly those articulation disorders that are characteristic of a particular small patient. For children attending kindergartens or lower grades of school, a specialist additionally evaluates the psychological and pedagogical characteristics, reflecting speech skills and behavior with peers, as well as in the learning process, etc.
After determining the preliminary type of speech disorder and type of dyslalia, a child examination card, which includes the following points depending on the expected cause of this pathology(organic or functional):
- Consultation with a pediatric neurologist, assessment of psychoneurological development, innervation of the muscles of the speech apparatus.
- Consultation and examination by an otolaryngologist, assessment of hearing acuity.
- Examination and consultation with a dentist.
- Carrying out MRI and CT of the brain, EEG and other methods for assessing the morphological and functional state of the central nervous system.
This diagnostic algorithm for dyslalia is aimed at identifying not only the cause of the development of this form of speech impairment in children, but also to evaluate possible methods of treatment and correction of this condition. An examination by doctors and additional examination will also help the speech therapist accurately determine the existing form of speech impairment.
It is important for parents to understand that the sooner the correct diagnosis is made for the child and appropriate speech correction and, if necessary, medical treatment are started, the better the result achieved.
Correction of dyslalia in children
Elimination of dyslalia begins with a preliminary stage, which includes treatment of all diagnosed organic abnormalities in the structure of the lips, tongue, dentition or facial bones. Also, the little patient is prescribed special gymnastic exercises for the lips and tongue, which are aimed at developing the correct and adequate functioning of muscle groups when pronouncing sounds. It is important to ensure that the child can correctly hear the sound being reproduced.
Next, direct lessons begin with a speech therapist who, thanks to various techniques, will teach the child the correct pronunciation of problem sounds, their recognition and differentiation, if their confusion is noted. At the end of the course, children should speak freely without audible defects in any situation and environment. This becomes the main goal of the specialist’s work.
A long-term plan for working with a child with dyslalia involves sessions with a speech therapist at least 3 times a week and a duration, depending on the form, from 1 to 6 months.
Dyslalia in most cases can be corrected, subject to adequate and correct exercise, as well as medical treatment to eliminate organic pathology.
Methods for eliminating speech defects in children with dyslalia updated: March 11, 2017 by: admin
One of the most common speech defects is DYSLALIA(violation of sound pronunciation with normal hearing and intact innervation of the speech apparatus).
The child either cannot pronounce the sound (misses it or distorts the pronunciation), or boldly replaces one sound with another.
Dyslalia happens simple(one sound or a group of similar pronunciation sounds is defectively pronounced (for example, whistling S, Z, Ts) and complex or polymorphic dyslalia(when the pronunciation of sounds of different groups is impaired, for example, whistling and hissing Ш, Ш, Ж).
Very often, parents turn to a speech therapist with the request: “Take a look at the child because he does not pronounce the sound “R.” When the speech therapist begins to examine him, it turns out that his pronunciation of a number of sounds is impaired.
Most often, the defective sounds are hissing sounds Ш, Ж, Х, Ш, whistling sounds - С, Сь, З, Ц, sonors - Р, Рь, Л, Ль.
The sounds K, Kь, G, Gь, Х, Хь, Д, Дь, Т, Ть, И, В, Ф are disturbed less often.
If a child does not know how to clearly pronounce the sound Ш, then the pronunciation of the sounds zh, ch, sch also suffers. Usually the entire group of sounds is disrupted.
Before the age of three, it is too early to make lame sounds, but it is necessary to prepare the child and his articulatory apparatus for correct pronunciation of speech.
Speech therapy massage can and should be used in children from 2 months, and speech therapy gymnastics - from two years.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DYSLALIA - a disorder of sound pronunciation, observed in children under the age of 5 years and caused by insufficient development of movements of the organs of articulation, as well as insufficient development of phonemic hearing. Physiological dyslalia is otherwise called age-related impairment of sound pronunciation.
The speech of young children during the period of its formation is always characterized by shortcomings in sound pronunciation. This is caused, first of all, by the insufficient development of movements of the organs of the articulatory apparatus: tongue, lips, soft palate, lower jaw.
Another reason is insufficient development of speech (phonemic) hearing. Therefore, at the beginning and during preschool age (3-5 years), speech is not yet clear enough and pure in sound.
The most typical age-related imperfections in sound pronunciation:
- Consonant sounds are pronounced softer: “lampa” instead of “lamp”, “miska” instead of “bear”, “zyuby” instead of “teeth”;
- Hissing phonemes will be replaced by whistling ones: “elk” instead of “spoon”, “syapka” instead of “hat”, “mesh” instead of “brush”
- They do not pronounce the sound “r” at all or replace it with the sounds “l, l, v, th”: “lyba” instead of “fish”, “leza” instead of “rose”, “kavman” instead of “pocket”, “yak” instead of “ cancer";
- The sound “l” is most often absent (ampa, instead of lamp), softened or replaced with “th”: “luk” instead of “bow”, “yampa” instead of “lamp”;
- The sounds “k, g, x” are either absent or replaced by “t” and “d” “p”: “dusi” instead of “geese”, “longing” instead of “cat”, “tleb, pleb” instead of “bread”.
PRONUNCIATION VIOLATIONS S, Z, C (sigmatism)
LABIODENTAL Sigmaticism
With this type of sigmatism, the lower lip approaches the upper incisors, producing a sound close to the F sound.
A predisposing factor for the occurrence of labiodental sigmatism is prognathia(protrusion of the upper jaw forward compared to the lower jaw, due to its excessive development)
INTERDENTAL Sigmaticism
This type of violation occurs when the tip of the tongue is inserted between the teeth - in most cases, the result is unclean S and Z (whispering - this pronunciation defect is visible to the eye when pronouncing the sounds S and Z). Less often - the sound is normal, but the articulation is ugly.
A predisposing factor to the appearance of this type of sigmatism is: anterior open bite, change of teeth, absence of incisors during the period of whistling sounds (from 2-3.5 years), flaccid tip of the tongue (decreased tone with an erased form of dysarthria), adenoid growths when the child forced to breathe through the mouth.
DENTAL Sigmaticism
This is a pronunciation when the tip of the tongue rests on the cutting edges of the upper and lower teeth (incisors), blocking the free exit of air through the interdental gap. Instead of S and Z, a dull sound is heard, similar to interdental S and Z, partly with T and D with a whistle (kotsa, koza, instead of scythe and koz).
SIZZLING Sigmaticism
With this deficiency, the tip of the tongue is retracted into the depths of the oral cavity, the back of the tongue is raised high, hunched, and a groove is not formed along the midline of the tongue. Instead of whistling, a hissing occurs, the sound is similar to soft Sh and Zh (shanki, zhamok).
LATERAL Sigmaticism
There are bilateral and unilateral sigmatism.
At bilateral sigmatism the lateral edges of the tongue do not touch the molars, so gaps are formed through which exhaled air passes - a clapping sound is heard, somewhat reminiscent of khel, lch (squelch, lubs instead of soup, teeth)
At unilateral lateral sigmatism a gap forms on one side, the tongue deviates to the right or left.
A predisposing factor may be anomalies of the dental system (lateral open bite, the presence of a too long and narrow tongue), pareticity (increased tone of the muscles of the tongue and face), laxity of the muscles of the right or left sides of the tongue.
NASAL Sigmaticism
With this type of sigmatism, the sound takes on a nasal tone (nasality), since air passes through the nose and not through the mouth.
Nasal sigmatism is caused by loose closure of the soft palate with the posterior wall of the pharynx, paresis(incomplete paralysis, weakening of the function of any muscle or group of muscles due to damage to the nervous system) of the muscles of the soft palate and the posterior wall of the pharynx, cleft of the hard and soft palate.
SOFTENING HARD SOUNDS
This type of violation occurs when the front part of the tongue is in a normal position, and the middle part is not lowered enough - softened Cb and PM (syanki, zyamok) are obtained. This disorder often occurs in children with increased muscle tone of the articulatory apparatus.
PARASIGMATISM (PERSISTENT REPLACEMENTS OF WHISTLING SOUNDS)
Parasigmatisms appear most often in the following substitutions: C - S, C - T, C - Ch, C - T,
S - F, W - D, W - E,
DISORDERS IN PRONUNCIATION OF HISSING SOUNDS
The articulation of hissing sounds has much in common with the articulation of whistling sounds. This similarity determines the similarity of pronunciation defects. The same types of distortions of hissing sounds are observed.
Labial-dental, Interdental, Pridental, Lateral, Hissing, Nasal (see violation of the pronunciation of whistling sounds).
PARASIGMATISMS OF HISSING SOUNDS manifest themselves in the following main substitutions: Ш -С, Т, Ж; F - W, D, W; Shch-Sb, Sh, T; Ch - Shch, Th, S
VIOLATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION OF THE SOUNDS L, L (LAMBDACISM)
LABIOLABIAL LAMBDACISM
The sound is pronounced with the participation of the lips, which are pulled forward, resulting in something like a short U. The tip of the tongue is lowered, lying on the bottom of the oral cavity (“uampa” instead of lamp).
LABIODENTAL LAMBDACISM
Pronunciation of the sound L, reminiscent of the sound V. The lower lip approaches the upper teeth, the tip of the tongue lies at the bottom of the mouth (“vampa” instead of lamp)
INTERTENTAL PRONUNCIATION
With this type of lambdacism, the tip of the tongue is between the teeth.
SOFTEN PRONUNCIATION
The sound L is not pronounced firmly enough, something between hard and soft pronunciation. In this case, the sound L is pronounced with a more raised middle part of the tongue and a slightly lower pubescent back part of the tongue.
PARALAMBDACISM (REPLACEMENT OF THE SOUND L).
The sound L is most often replaced by the sounds U, D, V, N, L, Z, R.
VIOLATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION OF THE SOUNDS Р, Рь ()
In speech therapy practice, a large number of various distortions of the sound P (up to 28) are noted. The main types of distortions are the following:
LABIOLABIAL RHOTACISM (“KUCHER PRONUNCIATION”)
A pronunciation in which the lips vibrate as in the onomatopoeia “whoa.”
ONE HIT PRONUNCIATION
In this case, there is no vibration of the tip of the tongue; the tip hits only once on the tubercles behind the upper incisors.
LATERAL ROTACISM
With this type of disorder, a distinction is made between bilateral and unilateral rotacism.
WITH UNILATERAL pronunciation, the tip of the tongue deviates to the right or left (right or left lateral rotacism)
With BILATERAL lateral oroticism, the lateral edges of the tongue vibrate.
VELAR ROTACISM
In this disorder, the velar P is formed by vibration of the soft palate.
uvular rhotacism
With this disorder, the sound P is formed due to the vibration of a small reed. The sound R with such a violation is almost no different from normal (grassing R)
NASAL ROTACISM
Nasal rhoticism occurs when the air flow when pronouncing the sound R passes through the nose, rather than through the mouth. The R sound has a nasal, nasal tint.
PARAROTACISM (REPLACEMENT OF SOUNDS R, Rb)
The sound P is most often replaced by the following sounds: L, L, Y, D, G, V.
Violations in the pronunciation of the sound P are associated with insufficient mobility of the tip of the tongue. This should be taken into account when selecting exercises for articulatory gymnastics.
VIOLATIONS IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SOUND Y (YOTACISM)
Violations of the pronunciation of the sound И are observed very rarely, most often in preschool children, and manifest themselves either in the absence of the sound (“olka” “Ama” instead of olka and yama), or in its replacement with the sound Ль (“lelka”, “lyama”).
VIOLATIONS IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE SOUNDS K, KH (KAPPACISM), G (G AMMACISM), X (CHITISM)
Violations of the pronunciation of these sounds are relatively rare (1.5% of all cases of pronunciation violations) and manifest themselves as follows:
LACK OF SOUNDS
The sounds K and G are completely absent (“from” instead of “Cat”, “alka” instead of “daw”), sometimes with the tongue lowered, instead of K and G, a subtle clicking of the vocal cords is heard.
REPLACING SOUNDS
The sounds K, G, X are replaced by the sounds T and D (“tasha” - instead of “porridge”, “dolova” instead of “head”), the sound X is replaced by P (more often with physiological dyslalia) “pleb” instead of “bread”
REPLACING G and K
G and K can be replaced by an aspirated South Russian back-lingual sound; when pronouncing the sounds G, K, the back of the tongue does not close with the palate.
REPLACEMENT WITHIN A GROUP
Replacing the sounds G with K, K with X (“hot” instead of “cat”)
DEFECTS OF VOICENESS-DEAFNESS
The causes of violations of the pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants are
- underdevelopment phonemic hearing(A person’s ability to analyze and synthesize speech sounds, i.e. hearing, which provides the perception of the sounds of a given language),
- insufficient coordination in the work of the vocal and articulatory apparatus,
- hearing loss,
- pareticity of vocal folds, etc.
In some cases, the vocal cords may seem to be delayed in turning on or, conversely, in turning off.
Most of all, defects in voicedness and deafness appear when pronouncing paired sounds. Most often, deafening of voiced consonants is observed, i.e. a defect in voicing.
STUNNING VOICED CONSONANTS
The consonants B, V, G, D, Zh, Z are pronounced dullly, without voice, like P, F, K, T, Sh, S (pulka, kolofa, sheleso, etc.)
These deficiencies are most often found in children with late speech development and in children with hearing loss. It is necessary to distinguish them from more rare cases when all sounds are pronounced in a whisper due to a sore throat or severe fright.
VOICE OF VOID CONSONANTS
When voicing consonants, the sounds P, T, K, S, Sh, F are pronounced with the participation of the vocal cords and sound like B, D, Zh, Z, V.
Such defects are less common than deafening of consonants.
MIXING VOICED AND VOID CONSONANTS
With this deficiency, although the child can correctly pronounce individual consonant sounds, he often mixes them up in speech: pulka, dobor.
This defect is based mainly on poor (in hard of hearing children) or insufficiently clear (poorly differentiated) perception of similar speech sounds, and sometimes even poor auditory attention. Often the reason lies in poor understanding of the subtle acoustic differences of similar sounds in terms of articulation.
VIOLATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION OF HARD AND SOFT CONSONANTS
Soft consonants differ from hard consonants by raising the middle part of the back of the tongue.
DEFECTS IN HARDNESS AND SOFTNESS of consonants can cover many pairs of sounds and can manifest themselves in three variants. These defects may be associated with impaired auditory differentiation, with the presence of paresis, hyperkinesis (automatic violent movements due to involuntary muscle contractions), and increased tone of the back of the tongue.
REPLACING HARD SOUNDS WITH SOFT SOUNDS
With such a violation of sound pronunciation, the middle part of the back of the tongue is too raised - the result is a softening of the sound (syanki - sled, demik-domik).
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Dyslalia is a pronunciation defect that occurs with completely healthy hearing and intact innervation of the speech apparatus. Typically, such verbal deviations can be observed in preschool children and primary schoolchildren. They manifest themselves as distortion, displacement, replacement or complete absence of one or more sounds of oral speech.
Types of disorders and their symptoms
A term such as “sound pronunciation” covers the phonetic (sound) design of spoken speech and speech motor skills. Among various disorders of sound pronunciation, one can most often find individual anomalies in its sound design, while other operations of utterances remain natural. It is impossible not to take into account that dyslalia today remains one of the most common speech therapy disorders that are not associated with disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system or the hearing aid.
The symptoms of the disease in each case are determined by the specific form of the pathology. In accordance with the classification of the disease, physiological, mechanical (or organic), and functional dyslalia are distinguished.
In this case, physiological dyslalia is caused by age-related slurring of the child’s speech. Mechanical is caused by congenital or acquired deviations in the structure and development of the speech apparatus.
Causes of dyslalia
Different forms of the disease can develop due to different reasons. In some cases, these may be disturbances in the structure of the speech apparatus, in other cases the disease develops as a result of improper verbal education of the child.
- The physiological form of the disease is based on age-related underdevelopment of organic structures, which can be corrected as the child grows older.
- Mechanical dyslalia occurs as a result of genetically acquired or congenital pathologies of the organs of the speech apparatus.
- Functional dyslalia is in no way associated with pathologies in the structure of the organs responsible for oral speech. This group is more comprehensive and, in turn, combines several types of disease.
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First of all, a distinction is made between motor and sensory dyslalia.
- The first type develops in connection with functional disorders of the speech motor analyzer. Simply put, with such a pathology, the child’s lips and tongue move incorrectly during a conversation - this causes distortion of sounds.
- With sensory dyslalia, the auditory-speech analyzer does not function correctly, which is why the separation of sounds that are acoustically similar to each other into their component parts occurs incorrectly and the baby, naturally, cannot repeat them correctly.
It also happens that both mentioned types of illness are layered on top of each other, that is, the child initially tries to pronounce the sound he hears incorrectly, also moving his lips and tongue incorrectly.
The names of sound pronunciation defects with descriptions are given in the table:
There may also be deficiencies in hardness and softening of sounds, when the child replaces soft consonants with double hard ones and vice versa, as well as incorrect pronunciation of voiced and unvoiced sounds, when unvoiced consonants are replaced with hard ones and vice versa. In addition, you can find monomorphic or simple and polymorphic (complex) dyslalia. In the first case, the child incorrectly pronounces one sound or several sounds belonging to the same group (we recommend reading:). In the case of polymorphic dyslalia, the pronunciation of several sounds belonging to different groups is always impaired.
Most often, the disease does not affect the lexico-grammatical aspect of oral speech. The child develops normally and accumulates a vocabulary that is appropriate for his age and understands perfectly well what is said to him. However, what exactly he says and answers is in some cases difficult for even his family to understand.
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Physiological prerequisites for mechanical dyslalia
Mechanical dyslalia often occurs as a consequence of a short hyoid frenulum, which impedes the movement of the tongue (more details in the article:). The disproportionate size of the tongue itself may also be the reason for the inability to develop correct articulation. Various pathologies in the structure of the dentofacial apparatus can also contribute to the development of the disease, such as strong protrusion of the upper or lower jaw, large gaps in the rows of teeth, abnormal structure of the palate or its cleft, shortened frenulum of the upper lip.
Social prerequisites for functional dyslalia
The functional form of the disease can be determined by the following social factors:
- Initially incorrect speech education of the child. In particular, adults often copy “baby talk” and constantly “whisper.”
- The child is raised in a family where they speak two languages. The baby simply transfers the features of articulation from one language to another. As a result, pronunciation suffers when the child speaks both languages. The same can be observed in the case when the child’s family speaks one language, and, for example, in kindergarten - another.
- The auditory perception of phonemes is insufficiently developed.
- Pedagogical neglect, namely the situation when parents do not pay attention to the child’s incorrect pronunciation.
- Insufficient mobility of the speech apparatus, which as a result causes incorrect pronunciation of sounds.
- Mental disabilities.
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Survey
As a result of such an examination, a specialist can conclude about the presence or absence of pathologies.
The study of the disease begins by collecting complete information about the course of pregnancy from the child’s mother. The developmental history of the child himself and the illnesses he suffered at different times are carefully analyzed. A speech therapist conducts a visual examination of a small patient, during which he examines the structure and level of mobility of the baby’s speech apparatus, after which he asks him to perform several imitation exercises.
The specialist analyzes the level of development of oral speech using didactic materials specially designed to identify pronunciation anomalies. The nature of the baby’s existing disorders in various positions is determined. In addition, the little patient’s phonemic hearing is assessed, that is, his ability to distinguish sounds, without which a normal understanding of the meaning of what is being said is impossible. When making a diagnosis, not only the form, but also the type of the disease is indicated.
If it is discovered that the disease is of the mechanical type, the child is referred for consultation to an orthodontist or surgeon. If the disease is functional in nature, the child will be recommended to consult a pediatric neurologist. And to exclude hearing pathologies, it will be useful to undergo an examination by an otolaryngologist.
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Treatment and prevention
Treatment methods for speech impairment are determined depending on the etiology of the disease.
- In cases of mechanical dyslalia, therapy will be aimed at correcting the bite, surgically correcting the frenulum, etc. Elimination of such defects is carried out in the dental office by an orthodontist. The best age at which such pathologies can be corrected is 5-6 years.
- Treatment of functional dyslalia consists of several stages, which are carried out under the supervision of a speech therapist. In order to interest the child in learning, during the preparatory stage of treatment, much attention is paid to the use of special pedagogical techniques. In particular, they use various ways to develop concentration and memory. In addition, some attention should be paid to the development of speech therapy skills (recognition of sounds (phonemes), etc.).
- The motor type of the disease requires specific activities with the child, aimed at improving speech motor skills. This is a special speech therapy massage, special articulation gymnastics for developing the correct pronunciation, etc. (more details in the article:). Not least important in practicing good pronunciation of sounds is the correct direction of the air stream during pronunciation and the development of fine motor skills.
During the final stage of treatment for dyslalia, special attention is paid to the psychological component, since the baby’s ability to communicate under any circumstances must develop. The importance of pedagogical work for developing self-confidence in a child is also great.
The table below provides examples of exercises for developing the pronunciation of individual sounds:
One of the most common speech defects encountered by speech therapists is dyslalia. This is a violation of the pronunciation of sounds with healthy hearing. Dyslalia is especially common in preschool children.
Types of dyslalia
The term "dyslalia" is translated from Latin as "impaired speech." A child with dyslalia either does not pronounce a certain sound at all and misses it in words, or distorts it or completely replaces it with another sound. What does this look like in reality?
Sound transmission can manifest itself in its deletion at the very beginning of the word (for example, instead of “drawing” the child says “isunok”), in the middle of the word (“voona” instead of “crow”) and at the end (“pova” instead of “cook”). Sound distortion It manifests itself in the fact that the baby, instead of the correct one, utters an unusual sound, which does not exist at all in the Russian language.
And sometimes, during a conversation, a child simply replaces the “inconvenient” sound with a “comfortable” sound and it turns out that instead of “I went” - “I sat down” or “fumochka” instead of “handbag”.
Speech therapists distinguish between simple and complex dyslalia. Simple dyslalia is characterized by a violation of the pronunciation of any one sound or a group of homogeneous sounds (for example, a group of whistling sounds S, Z, C). When a baby has problems with the pronunciation of sounds of different groups, for example, whistling and hissing, doctors talk about complex dyslalia. In general, the following types of phonetic groups are distinguished:
- Sonora (R, L, M, N, J);
- Whistling (N, W);
- Hissing (Sh, F, Ch, Shch).
note
Most often, children incorrectly pronounce hissing sounds - Sh, Zh, Ch, Ts, whistling sounds - S, Z, Ts, as well as the sonoras R, L. Less often, there are violations of the pronunciation of such sounds as K, X, G, D, T, Y, V, F.
Causes of dyslalia
There are many causes of dyslalia. Generally speaking, the problem may be related to the structural features of the dentofacial apparatus or to the mental development of the child and the influence of his immediate environment. Depending on the cause, speech therapists distinguish between mechanical and functional types of dyslalia.
Mechanical dyslalia is connected with the structural features of the baby’s articulatory apparatus(namely tongue, lips, jaws). A very common cause of the development of mechanical dyslalia in a child is a short frenulum of the tongue or upper lip. Somewhat less commonly, the cause of dyslalia is an overly large or small tongue, thick and tight lips.
Also, an equally significant role in the formation of mechanical dyslalia is played by small or sparsely spaced teeth and pathology of the upper palate.
note
It is worth noting that structural defects of the articulatory apparatus can be not only congenital, but also acquired. For example, late weaning of a baby from a pacifier may well lead to the formation of an abnormal bite.
Reasons for development functional dyslalia are social and biological factors. Thus, dyslalia, as expected, occurs in children with pedagogical neglect, when no one is involved in the child’s development. The formation of a baby’s speech is significantly influenced by his environment. Children imitate the speech of adults. If parents or relatives have problems with speech (tongue-tied or dialectal speech), the baby can also adopt this unique manner of communication. By the way, for this reason, psychologists do not recommend “lisping” with a child, because such distorted speech is perceived by the child as correct, and dyslalia may develop because of this.
The development of speech is also influenced by the child’s health status. Thus, dyslalia is observed in weakened, frequently ill children, as well as in children with mental retardation.
Correction of dyslalia
Dyslalia is a speech disorder that is completely recoverable. And if parents notice a problem in their child in time and turn to a speech therapist, a positive result will be guaranteed.
First of all, it is necessary to find out the cause of dyslalia.. So, if the cause is existing problems with the bite or dentition, dental correction is carried out. In addition, consultation with a neurologist may be required.
If the baby has physiological dyslalia, then a speech therapist gets to work. The speech correction process takes place in several stages:
- First stage called preparatory. At this stage, the speech therapist sets himself such tasks as developing the child’s auditory attention and memory. The speech therapist also conducts preparatory articulation exercises with the child to improve speech motor skills.
- Next stage - this is the formation of pronunciation skills. At this stage, the speech therapist works directly to eliminate existing defects. With the help of special exercises, the specialist develops in the child the ability to distinguish sounds in pronunciation that are similar in pronunciation and sound.
- When these tasks are successfully completed, the speech therapist will begin formation of pronunciation skills in the baby's free speech.
Correction of dyslalia is carried out mainly in a playful way. The speech therapist offers the child to perform special exercises that are designed to form the correct pronunciation of sounds.