What happens in the body during HIV. HIV: characteristics of the pathogen, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease Prevention of HIV and AIDS
![What happens in the body during HIV. HIV: characteristics of the pathogen, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease Prevention of HIV and AIDS](https://i2.wp.com/impotencija.net/userfiles/images/vich/1-2.jpg)
When the virus enters the bloodstream, it attaches to the cells responsible for the immune system. The virus begins to multiply in the cells, which contributes to its rapid spread throughout the body. The immune system does not respond to its presence because it is damaged and cannot function productively.
HIV can change, which also makes it difficult to identify. The number of lymphocytes affected by it gradually increases, approaching critical levels. Eventually AIDS sets in.
The presence of the virus in the body may not manifest itself for years. But about half of those infected after 1.5 months have the first signs, called the febrile phase.
During this period, increased body temperature, pain in the neck, painful enlargement, headache, joint pain, and loss of appetite are observed. Rashes appear on the skin and ulcers appear on the mucous membranes.
This phase is followed by an asymptomatic phase that lasts up to 10 years. Its duration depends on the rate of reproduction of the virus. The last stage is AIDS.
AIDS as an end stage
At the first stage of AIDS, there is a noticeable decrease in body weight, the skin and mucous membranes become especially vulnerable to bacterial and fungal diseases. The mucous membrane of the mouth is affected by candida, resulting in the formation of a white plaque.
It is characteristic of the mouth, in which white plaques with grooves appear on the sides of the tongue. Shingles often occurs, characterized by painful rashes over large areas of the body. The rash consists of many blisters.
The patient becomes susceptible to herpetic infections, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media. As a result of the pathogenic effect of the virus, a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood progresses.
The main function of platelets is blood clotting, which is why the patient’s wounds have difficulty healing. Bleeding gums are also noted.
In the second stage of AIDS, body weight loss progresses; it exceeds 10% of normal. The patient suffers from digestive disorders and prolonged diarrhea.
Patients often suffer from diseases of the respiratory system: tuberculosis, pneumonia. Malignant neoplasms occur on the skin, called Kaposi's sarcoma. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system progresses.
There are many myths surrounding HIV in society and on the Internet. No other disease can compare with HIV infection in the number of fictions and absurdities told about it. There are especially many fantasies about HIV infection. Here are HIV terrorists with syringes at the ready in public transport, and a boy who became infected by eating a blood-stained banana, and crowds of HIV-infected people who received HIV through a blood transfusion... Let's finally figure out what is true in these stories and what is fiction .
Myth: HIV is highly contagious
Reality: The risk of HIV infection is low. HIV infection is 100 times less contagious than hepatitis B and 3000 times less contagious than the flu. HIV is a very unstable virus; it can only exist in a liquid medium and when it dries out it dies almost instantly. In addition, for infection, this virus must enter the bloodstream, and in large quantities. As for infection through heterosexual sex, the average probability of contracting HIV is 1:200 sexual acts. Some couples live together for years without protection and do not become infected (although we do not advise you to repeat this experience!).
Myth: HIV infection can be contracted through everyday contact.
Reality: HIV is not transmitted in everyday life. It is NOT transmitted through towels, clothing, bed linen, dishes, when sharing food, through the toilet seat and bathtub, in the pool or in the sauna. It is not transmitted through skin-to-skin contact - through handshakes, hugs, touching, or through coughing and sneezing. In ordinary life, HIV-positive people are absolutely safe.
Myth: You can get HIV from kissing, especially if there are abrasions or scratches in the mouth.
Reality: When kissing, there is no risk of infection, regardless of the presence of damage to the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity, as well as erupting wisdom teeth, stomatitis, periodontal disease and other misfortunes. The amount of HIV in saliva is very small. For the dose of virus in saliva to become sufficient for infection, three liters of saliva are needed - we have never heard of such records of salivation during a kiss!
Myth: HIV is transmitted through joint masturbation
Reality: Hand contact with the genitals, even in the presence of secretions, does not transmit HIV. Yes, yes, it is not transmitted, even if there are scratches and cuts on the hands!
Myth: HIV is transmitted through saliva, sweat or tears.
Reality: Saliva, sweat and tears are not dangerous in terms of HIV transmission. The concentration of virus in these fluids is too low for infection to occur. Wounds and scratches do not matter.
Myth: Mosquitoes transmit HIV through bites.
Reality: It is impossible to become infected with HIV through the bite of a mosquito or other blood-sucking insect. HIV does not live in the mosquito's body, and mosquitoes do not inject the blood they have sucked in when they bite again.
Myth: HIV-positive children can transmit the virus through bites or active play through abrasions and scratches.
Reality: When healthy and HIV-infected children stay together, there is no risk of infection. There is too little virus in saliva to be transmitted through a bite. HIV is also not transmitted through abrasions or scratches, since for infection large quantities of its particles must enter the bloodstream, which does not occur through superficial damage to the skin. In the entire history of the HIV epidemic, there has not been a single case of children being infected in this way.
Myth: Blood transfusion is the most common way to get HIV.
Reality: This could have happened many years ago, when even doctors were poorly aware of HIV and its dangers. Currently, cases of HIV infection in medical institutions are absent or isolated.
Myth: Open wounds or contact with blood can cause HIV infection.
Reality: HIV is not transmitted through small wounds, abrasions and scratches. Infection is possible only if an uninfected person has come into contact with a large, fresh bleeding wound of an HIV-infected person with his wound or mucous membrane. Theoretically, this could happen, for example, in a traffic accident. However, no cases of transmission of the virus through contact with blood in domestic situations have been reported.
Myth: HIV can be contracted in tattoo parlors, hairdressers, beauty salons.
Reality: In principle, you can get infected in a tattoo parlor, but modern artists, knowing about HIV and hepatitis, always use disposable instruments. Making tattoos at home using homegrown methods is strictly not recommended, because in this case the risk of infection is really present. There were no cases of HIV infection in beauty salons or among stylists.
The conclusion from the above is the following: do not try to find exotic ways to become infected with HIV! If you are not a drug addict, then You actually only have a chance of contracting HIV through sex with an HIV-infected partner. Be careful, avoid promiscuous sex, use condoms, and you'll be fine!
(c) Alexandra Imasheva
HIV is a virus that deprives the human body of protection by destroying the immune system. This disease became known in the 80s of the 20th century, when scientists found that an adult infected with HIV had weak immunity, like a newborn.
The disease is called AIDS - immune deficiency syndrome. The human immunodeficiency virus was officially announced in 1983.
The disease is now so widespread that it has become an epidemic. Presumably, 50 million people in the world are currently carriers of the virus.
There is no medicine that can restore human immunity yet, so the only way to fight HIV is prevention.
In the human body, nature has a mechanism through which immune cells produce antibodies that can resist microorganisms with foreign genetic information. When antigens enter the body, lymphocytes begin to work in it. They recognize the enemy and neutralize it, but when the body is infected by the virus, the protective barriers are destroyed and the person can die within a year of infection. However, there are cases when infected people lived up to 20 years, since HIV is a “slow” virus, the symptoms of which may not appear for more than 10 years and the person remains unaware of his or her health status.
After entering the body, viral cells attach to blood cells and spread through the bloodstream throughout the body, affecting the lymph nodes, since these are where immune cells are found in greater numbers. The immune system is unable to adequately respond to the attacks of the virus, since it does not recognize it, and HIV slowly destroys immune cells, and when their number decreases to a minimum and becomes critical, AIDS is diagnosed - the last stage of the disease. This stage lasts from 3 months to two years. During this period, AIDS progresses and affects the mucous membranes, lungs, intestines, and nervous system. This happens because the protective barrier in the form of immune cells is destroyed and the body cannot resist pathogens. As a result, a person dies not from HIV, but from another secondary infection.
Most often, with AIDS, pneumonia and intestinal disorders develop with diarrhea that does not stop for several months, as a result of which a person begins to sharply lose weight and the body becomes dehydrated. As a result of research, scientists have found that the causes of intestinal disorders in AIDS are fungi of the genus Candida, salmonella, as well as tuberculosis bacteria and cytomegalovirus. Often, an organism weakened by the effects of HIV becomes infected with meningitis, encephalitis, and a brain tumor develops. A person’s intellectual abilities decrease, the brain atrophies, and dementia develops. In those infected, the mucous membranes are affected, erosions and cancerous tumors appear on the skin.
According to the updated version of the classification, HIV goes through 5 stages of development:
- The incubation period is up to 90 days. There are no clinical manifestations.
- The appearance of primary symptoms, which are divided into periods A, B, C. Period 2A - no symptoms. Period 2B - the first manifestations of infection, similar to the course of other infectious diseases. 2B - manifests itself in the form of sore throat, herpes, candidiasis, pneumonia, but at this stage of development of the disease, infections respond well to treatment. Period 2B lasts 21 days.
- The disease progresses and a short-term enlargement of the lymph nodes occurs. The duration of the period is from 2-3 to 20 years. At this time, the number of lymphocytes decreases.
- Destruction of T-4 lymphocytes and, as a consequence, the development of cancer and infectious diseases. At this stage, symptoms may periodically subside on their own or with medication. The fourth stage includes periods A, B and C.
- 4A - mucous membranes and skin are affected by bacteria and viruses, and the number of upper respiratory tract diseases increases in humans.
- 4B - skin diseases continue to progress, and internal organs and the nervous system are also affected, and noticeable weight loss begins.
- 4B - the disease is life threatening.
- The destruction in the body is irreversible. A person dies within 3–12 months.
HIV has no symptoms of its own and can masquerade as any infectious disease. In this case, blisters, pustules, lichen, and seborrheic dermatitis appear on the skin. The virus can only be detected using tests: an HIV test. When a virus is detected as a result of a blood test, the person becomes HIV seropositive, which means: antibodies to the virus have formed in the person’s body, but the disease has not yet manifested itself. However, HIV cannot be detected immediately after infection. It can appear only after a few months, so the person does not know about his disease.
More about the disease
Viruses are constantly present in the life of every person. These are FLU, herpes, hepatitis, retrovirus AIDS and other viral and infectious diseases. All viruses cause complications on the human body and therefore require antiviral therapy. There are a huge number of viruses and they constantly mutate, so there is no one most effective drug that can cope with any infection. Different antiviral drugs are used to combat each virus. The action of antiretroviral drugs is based on the mechanism of stopping the “stamping” of AIDS virus cells.
Antiretroviral drugs are divided into main groups:
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): zalcitabine, stavudine and others. These drugs are highly toxic, but most people infected with HIV tolerate them well. Side effects are observed in 5% of infected people.
- Protease inhibitors (PI): Ritonavir, Nelfinavir, Lapinavir and others.
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): Delaverdine, Efavirenz. These drugs are effectively used in combination with NRTIs. Side effects from taking this type of drug are observed on average in 35% of infected people.
The virus, destroying the immune system, destroys barriers to other viruses and infections. In order to prevent the development of opportunistic infections, that is, those that are constantly present in the body of any person and are considered opportunistic, preventive therapy is used for those infected with the virus using antimicrobial drugs that do not affect the virus, but suppress opportunistic microflora .
WE ADVISE! Weak potency, a flaccid penis, lack of a long-term erection are not a death sentence for a man’s sex life, but a signal that the body needs help and male strength is weakening. There are a large number of drugs that help a man gain a stable erection for sex, but they all have their own disadvantages and contraindications, especially if the man is already 30-40 years old. Pantosagan capsules for potency help not only to get an erection HERE AND NOW, but act as a preventive measure and accumulation of male power, allowing a man to remain sexually active for many years!
In addition to opportunistic infections, a person with a retrovirus is constantly threatened by other infectious diseases, to prevent which vaccination (immunization) is used. However, it is effective only at the initial stage of the disease, when the immune system is still functioning normally, so HIV-infected people are recommended to be vaccinated against influenza and pneumococci.
Since HIV-infected people cannot resist infections, the Salmonella bacterium poses a serious danger to them, so it is necessary to avoid eating raw eggs and thermally poorly processed poultry meat. People infected with HIV should also be careful when visiting many countries where infection with tuberculosis is possible.
Symptoms of HIV in early and late stages in men and women
Women are more susceptible to HIV disease because their immunity is weaker than that of men at different periods of life. This is the period of pregnancy and menstruation. HIV is dangerous not only for a woman, but also for her child, as it can be transmitted during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
To prevent this, women need to be aware of the early symptoms of HIV disease. In the early stages, symptoms of HIV in women manifest themselves in the form of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, itchy skin, rash, sore throat, muscles and joints. Ulcers appear in the mouth, and the lymph nodes in the neck, groin and armpit become enlarged. Since similar symptoms of HIV are characteristic of other infectious diseases, the cause can only be determined through tests.
In the later stages, HIV manifests itself in women with the appearance of ulcers and ulcers on the genitals, lesions of the oral mucosa with formations similar to ulcers due to stomatitis, herpes worsens, warts form, the menstrual cycle is disrupted and sexual dysfunction develops. Anorexia cannot be ruled out. Due to the destruction of the immune system, oncological diseases develop: cervical cancer, lymphoma, sarcoma.
With this course of the disease, life expectancy is rapidly reduced. In this state, a woman can no longer live a normal life, as she is bedridden. The course and symptoms of the disease in men are somewhat different from women. Usually, in the early stages, the infection manifests itself with symptoms similar to ARVI: increased body temperature, fever. At the initial stage (about 20 days after infection), among other symptoms of HIV, a characteristic rash appears. The first symptoms quickly pass and an asymptomatic period begins.
The enlarged lymph nodes characteristic of HIV infection also disappear. When the disease reaches an advanced stage of development, the man begins to experience a constant feeling of fatigue, he is bothered by incessant diarrhea, and white spots appear in the mouth, while swelling of the lymph nodes lasts for several months. All of these symptoms in men and women infected with HIV occur due to the destruction of immune cells by the virus.
For the same reason, wounds in HIV patients do not heal for a long time, and their gums bleed. Due to the development of the virus, ARVI, tuberculosis, and pneumonia become constant companions of an HIV-infected person. Tests are done to determine the level of viral load, or the amount of virus in the blood. Based on the test results, doctors determine the rate of spread of the virus throughout the body. Test indicators may change throughout life, but if the load is consistently high over several months, this is a signal of the progress of the disease.
To obtain reliable information about the condition of an infected person, a blood test is used to determine the immune status (immunogram). Analyzes and tests will not be able to give an exact answer to the question: how long to live, since each person develops the virus individually and, accordingly, there may be differences in the symptoms of HIV.
How HIV is transmitted: main risk groups and HIV vaccinations
Today, HIV has been well studied and the development of the disease has been learned to be contained.
However, this does not make it any less dangerous, and therefore every person should know how HIV is transmitted and what to do to avoid becoming infected with it.
People who frequently change sexual partners, practice homosexual intercourse, anal sex, and use the services of prostitutes are at risk of becoming infected with HIV, first of all. And given how popular such relationships have become in the modern world, the risk of infection has increased and HIV can also be transmitted to people with high social status. The virus enters the body through blood, milk from mother to child, semen and vaginal secretions.
HIV is not transmitted through saliva, feces and urine, so the household route of infection is excluded and exists only hypothetically.
Since the virus is unstable and dies when boiled for 1 minute or at 57 degrees after 30 minutes, it is enough to follow basic precautions in everyday life to prevent HIV from being transmitted. People who use drugs intravenously are at risk for HIV infection, since in a state of drug intoxication the sense of danger is dulled and the sharing of syringes is possible.
It is rare, but it is possible that HIV is transmitted through a transfusion of contaminated blood, since the virus does not immediately show its activity after entering the human body and can be detected using tests: HIV tests. Healthcare workers working with open wounds of patients are at risk of infection. After infection, the body begins to produce antibodies, they are detected during analysis, and the person is considered HIV seropositive. However, this only means that HIV may be present in the blood.
If a blood test reveals HIV seropositivity, you need to protect yourself from infections that become deadly for the infected person with vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus. However, only a doctor should determine the timing of immunization, since HIV-infected people have a higher risk of side effects. To decide on the possibility of vaccination, doctors prescribe tests to determine immune status.
AIDS: what it is, its diagnosis and modes of transmission
If a person is diagnosed with HIV infection, this does not mean that he has AIDS, since AIDS is the fifth and final stage of the disease, which can occur 20 years after infection. AIDS is diagnosed in a person when the immune system is destroyed and can no longer resist viruses and infections.
In 80% of cases, HIV is transmitted sexually through semen and vaginal secretions, in almost 10% - through syringes, about 10% of cases - transmission of the virus occurs from mother to newborn child, including through breast milk. Medical workers become infected with HIV in 0.01% of cases.
note
In everyday life, you cannot become infected with HIV through dishes, in a swimming pool or bathhouse, or by coughing or sneezing, but you can, for example, in a tattoo parlor if the instruments are processed in violation of the technology, since the virus is contained in the blood.
Timely diagnosis of HIV is crucial, since if the disease is caught at an early stage, the destructive effect of the virus and its transition to the AIDS stage can be significantly stopped and prevent it from quickly destroying the immune system. However, due to the lack of symptoms, diagnosis in the first stage of the disease is almost impossible and difficult in the second stage.
You can suspect infection with the AIDS virus if there is unmotivated fatigue and a short-term rise in body temperature to 39 degrees. In this case, a person experiences a sharp weight loss due to diarrhea syndrome. With such symptoms, it is necessary to exclude HIV infection using laboratory tests.
Symptoms of AIDS in women and men, its treatment and prevention
In women, the symptoms of AIDS differ from those in men. As a rule, HIV in women manifests itself as vaginal diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system, for example, relapses of candidiasis (thrush). Herpes may worsen, and ulcers and warts appear on the mucous membranes of the genital organs. Regardless of the time of day or season, a woman experiences symptoms of fever with profuse sweating.
note
A characteristic symptom of AIDS is loss of appetite and weight loss, an irresistible desire to sleep due to a constant feeling of fatigue.
Symptoms of AIDS in men are disguised as FLU: the temperature rises, the person experiences chills, headaches of varying intensity. A rash appears on the skin, and skin discoloration occurs in some areas. Lymph nodes in the neck, groin area and under the armpits enlarge and become hard to the touch, but not painful.
Appetite disappears, weight decreases and the person constantly feels tired. This acute period lasts about two weeks, and then the symptoms disappear for several months or even years. This is misleading and the man continues to live his normal life, allowing the virus to continue to destroy the immune system. When the last stage of the disease occurs in a man, all chronic infectious diseases become aggravated.
HIV may not show symptoms for a long time if a man's immune system is strong. However, the rash appears within 2 weeks after infection.
Treatment of AIDS symptoms in the initial stages is possible with the help of antiviral drugs. However, over time, the immunodeficiency virus gets used to antiviral drugs and therapy becomes ineffective.
Increasing the dose of drugs only leads to an overdose and increased side effects. AIDS cannot be cured, but at some stage antiviral medications have the effect of stabilizing the symptoms of the disease. To strengthen the immune system when treating AIDS symptoms, homeopathic medicines are used to help the body resist secondary infection. To strengthen the immune system, immunomodulators and immunosubstitutes are used. However, when treating AIDS, it is necessary to select truly effective drugs that provide not only a psychological effect, since one’s own immunity gradually weakens.
In addition, when using immunomodulators, it is necessary to take into account that these drugs are not harmless, since an overdose can have the opposite effect, which is doubly dangerous in case of AIDS. Therefore, doctors carry out therapy with immunomodulators in cycles. Humanity has not yet learned to treat HIV and AIDS, but modern medicine can preserve the virus in a state of sluggish disease, so it is important to diagnose the virus in a timely manner and begin to suppress its symptoms.
Prevention of HIV and AIDS
The best treatment is to avoid getting AIDS. The largest percentage of infection occurs during sexual intercourse, since the mucous membranes and urethra have a high degree of permeability to the virus. Those who practice anal intercourse are at great risk, since the intestinal walls are very vulnerable.
According to WHO, 75% of those infected are homosexuals and women who have anal sex with men. Avoiding anal intercourse reduces the risk of HIV infection. Since the virus also enters the body through the blood, you should not take risks and visit dubious tattoo parlors, random dental clinics, or manicure salons, where the technology for processing instruments is violated.
It is necessary to get tested regularly if your sexual partners change frequently. The household route of transmission of AIDS is practically excluded, since the virus is quickly destroyed in the external environment. However, when using a razor and personal hygiene items, infection is possible. Therefore, you should not use other people’s objects in a hostel environment.
Source: impotencija.net
As a result of developing immunodeficiency, AIDS patients experience various manifestations of dermatoses, most often viral lesions, severe pustular diseases, candidiasis and others. The most common manifestation of AIDS is viral diseases in the form of simple and herpes zoster. Moreover, due to immunodeficiency, viral diseases are characterized by generalized, recurrent, severe forms. More often, rashes appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth, genitals, perianal area, and lips. Herpetic erosions do not heal for a long time and are painful. An unfavorable sign in patients with HIV infection is recurrent herpes zoster, especially its gangrenous form, which indicates severe immunodeficiency.
In a separate group there are viral proliferative diseases. HIV-infected people tend to develop warts, molluscum contagiosum, and genital warts on the skin of the face, genitals, and perianal area, which are difficult to treat and often recur. Only in patients with HIV infection is it described " hairy leukoplakialanguage, the causative agent of which is the Epstein-Barr virus or human papillomaviruses. It is localized on the lateral surfaces of the tongue in the form of a whitish strip with a wrinkled surface due to thread-like hairs (keratinized small papillae) closely adjacent to each other.
Fungal diseases More often they manifest themselves as candidiasis, rubrophytia, pityriasis versicolor, which are characterized by a chronic course, prevalence of the lesion, and resistance to treatment. One of the early signs of AIDS is candidiasis mucous membranes of the oral cavity, anogenital area in young people. The process is characterized by generalization, damage to internal organs, and lack of effect from anticandidiasis treatment.
Rubrophytia- may occur atypically, such as seborrheic dermatitis, vulgar ichthyosis, palmoplantar keratoderma.
Multicolored, or pityriasis versicolor, characterized by large spots and slight compaction.
Bacterial skin lesions for HIV infection are varied. The most common manifestations are folliculitis, chronic recurrent, vegetative, chancriform forms of pyoderma.
To neoplastic manifestations of AIDS applies Kaposi's sarcoma in young people, in homosexual men. Foci of Kaposi's sarcoma are multiple in the form of plaques with a smooth dark brown surface or a bluish-red or purple node. It can also appear in the form of spots of a similar color. Peripheral lymph nodes are involved in the process, internal organs are affected.
In addition, AIDS patients have lesions that can be classified as of unclear nature. These include xeroderma, trophic disorders of the skin and its appendages - thinning hair, diffuse alopecia, generalized skin itching, vasculitis with hemorrhagic nodular - ulcerative skin lesions.
The presence of the described skin changes is not a mandatory manifestation in patients with AIDS. However, their presence, especially in people at risk, should alert medical personnel and be sure to test them for HIV infection.
Features of AIDS in children. Unlike adults, children with AIDS are characterized by a high incidence of bacterial diseases, in addition to viral, fungal, protozoal and mycobacterial etiologies. This is due to weak production of specific antibodies or insufficient synthesis of immunoglobulin subclasses. Newborns with AIDS have low birth weight. Such children suffer from chronic diarrhea, develop poorly, have neurological disorders, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomealgia and suffer from recurrent infections during the first 6 months of life.
In older children, candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and Salmonella enteritis are more common. It is not uncommon for newborns and young children with AIDS to have mumps, which is usually rare in these groups, which can help with diagnosis.
Diagnosis of HIV infection: Serological methods are used - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, immunoblotting.
Specific treatment infections practically non-existent.
Prevention. There are no specific means of prevention. The main thing now is prudent human behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and for health workers - compliance with precautionary rules.
National AIDS prevention measures consist of promoting knowledge about HIV infection among the population, timely detection of HIV-infected people, preventing transmission through blood, organs, tissues, creating laboratories for diagnosing HIV infection, and developing legislative acts.
Personal prevention consists of reducing the number of sexual partners and using condoms. At the same time, you need to be able to use them correctly:
Use only high-quality ones with a normal shelf life.
After opening the package, check its integrity.
Wear a condom before engaging in sexual intercourse when the penis is erect.
Hold the end of the condom with your thumb and forefinger to create free space for the sperm, and with the other hand roll it out to the base of the penis.
To lubricate the condom, use gramicidin paste or water-based creams. Do not use Vaseline or saliva!
After ejaculation, remove, supporting the upper edge.
Repeated use of a condom is unacceptable!
In treatment and prophylactic In institutions, preventive measures should be aimed at preventing the nosocomial spread and infection of medical workers with HIV infection. All tools, equipment, utensils and other things that have been in contact with an HIV-infected person must be processed according to the requirements for the prevention of viral hepatitis. Timely detection of HIV-infected patients in medical institutions.
To prevent occupational infection of medical workers, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment when working: surgical gowns, rubber gloves, goggles, masks or a shield. It is necessary to take precautions when using cutting and piercing instruments (needles, scalpels, scissors and others). Workplaces must be provided with disinfectant solutions and a standard first aid kit for emergency prevention. Any damage to the skin and mucous membranes with contact with the patient’s biological fluid should be regarded as possible contact with HIV-infected material. In such cases it is necessary:
Squeeze the blood out of the wound.
2. Lubricate the damaged area with one of the disinfectants (70 0 alcohol, 5% tincture of iodine, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution).
3. Wash your hands under running water with soap and wipe with alcohol.
4. Apply a plaster to the wound and put on a finger guard.
5. Immediate administration of azidothymidine.
If contaminated without damaging the skin:
Treat the skin with alcohol or a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, or a 3% chloramine solution.
Wash with soap and water and re-treat with alcohol.
In case of contact with mucous membranes:
oral cavity - rinse with 70 0 alcohol
nasal cavity - instill a 30% solution of albucid or a 0.05% solution
potassium permanganate
eyes - after rinsing with water, drip a 30% solution of albucid or a 0.05% solution of potassium permanganate.
In case of contact with clothing:
immediately treat with a disinfectant solution
gloves are disinfected
clothing is removed and soaked in a disinfectant solution (except for a 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide and neutral calcium hypochloride) or placed in a plastic bag for autoclaving
the skin of the hands and other areas of the body under the soiled clothing
washed with soap and water and wiped again with alcohol. Contaminated shoes are wiped twice with a rag soaked in a disinfectant solution.
PREVENTION OF SVENEREAL DISEASES
Personal prevention consists of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, abstaining from casual sexual intercourse, and from excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, which in most cases are one of the causes of promiscuity. To date, there are no absolutely reliable means to guarantee the prevention of infection. The use of condoms significantly reduces the risk of infection, especially when having sex with unfamiliar partners. After sexual intercourse, it is advisable to immediately (but no later than 1.5 - 2 hours) wash the genitals, lower abdomen and inner thighs with laundry soap or Safeguard soap and treat with a 0.05% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate (gibitan). After urinating, rinse the urethra with a solution of hibitan or a 0.01% solution of myristonium. If it is impossible to carry out independent treatment, it is advisable to use the help of points for individual prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, which operate at skin and venous dispensaries. The personal preventive measures used only to some extent reduce the risk of infection and at the same time do not provide a complete guarantee of the occurrence of diseases.
Public prevention involves measures aimed at preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and includes registration of sexually transmitted patients, identification of sources of infection and their treatment, examination of all family members of the patient and persons who were in contact with him, including children. A three-time wassermanization of all pregnant women is carried out, as well as a mandatory clinical and serological examination of donors, patients in general somatic departments of hospitals, those entering work and working in children's institutions and food factories. Treatment of identified patients or administration of preventive treatment to persons who have had close household or sexual contact with known sick people, or to persons who have received blood transfusions from patients with syphilis.
Health education should play a major role in the fight against sexually transmitted diseases. The specificity of the content of lectures for a healthy population is that it is necessary to pay special attention to the causes and conditions of infection, the initial signs of the disease, the need for early consultation with a doctor, the harm of self-medication, complications, and methods of individual prevention.
LITERATURE
Kulaga V.V., Romanenko I.M. Treatment of skin diseases. - Kyiv: Health, 1998. - 304 p.
Treatment of skin diseases: A guide for doctors / Under the guidance of A.L. Mashkilleyson. - M.: Medicine, 1990. - 560 p.
Myadelets O.D.. Adaskevich V.P. Functional morphology and general pathology of the skin. - Vitebsk, 1997. - 269 p.
Pankratov V.G., Yagovdik N.Z., Kachuk M.V. AIDS: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Dermatological aspects of HIV infection: Textbook. - Minsk: MGMI, 1992. - 32 p.
Guide to pediatric dermatovenereology / Yu.K. Skripkin, F.A. Zverkova, G.Ya. Sharapova et al. - L.: Medicine, 1983. - 480 p.
Samtsov A.V. Contagious dermatoses and venereal diseases. Modern methods of treatment. - St. Petersburg: "Special Literature", 1997. - 141 p.
Skripkin Yu.K., Mashkilleyson A.L., Sharapova G.Ya. Skin and venereal diseases. - M.: Medicine, 1995. – 464 p.
Adaskevich V.P. Venereal diseases in forensic medical practice: A reference guide. - Vitebsk, 1996, - 119 p.
Kalamkaryan A.A., Mordovtsev V.N., Trofimova L.Ya. Clinical dermatology: Rare and atypical dermatoses. Er.: Aistan, 1989. - 567 p.
Skin (structure, function, general skin pathology). - Vitebsk, 1997. - 269 p.
Kozhevnikov P.V. General dermatology. - L.: Medicine, 1970. - 296 p.
Kurbat N.M., Stankevich P.B. Doctor's prescription guide. - Minsk: Higher School, 1997. - 495 p.
Educational edition
Go for a walk Pavel Denisovich
SKIN AND VENEREAL DISEASES
Tutorial
Signed for seal _____________________. Format 60x84 / 16
Offset paper No. Typeface Times.
Conditional oven l. 10.0 Academic - ed. l.10.80
Circulation__________ copies Order No.___________
Publisher and printing execution Grodno, 230015, Gorky, 80 Grodno State Medical University,
The human immunodeficiency virus is considered one of the most dangerous diseases. Most often, infection occurs through sexual contact. In everyday life, you can become infected with HIV through a wound. What is the probability of HIV entering the human body through a wound?
Main modes of transmission of HIV through blood
The risk of contracting immunodeficiency increases if:
- reuse an infected medical needle;
- share personal hygiene products (razors, scissors or manicure sets);
- make tattoos and use unsterile instruments;
- during blood transfusion.
Infection occurs when an infected biological fluid enters the body of a healthy person, where the retrovirus begins to multiply and cause disease. Therefore, in everyday life, the likelihood of contracting HIV through a wound is quite possible when using cutting objects that have infected blood on them. But at the same time, a person must also have an open wound surface through which the pathogen will penetrate. In this case, HIV blood gets into the wound or scratch. Most often this happens due to negligence or during a fight. What is the likelihood and is it possible to become infected with HIV during a fight? This question is very relevant.
Is it possible to become infected with HIV during a fight?
Unfortunately, in medical practice, cases of infection are recorded during fights with HIV-infected people. Naturally, people in such aggressive behavior rarely control their actions. In fist fights, the wound surfaces of an infected person may come into contact with the damaged skin of a healthy person. In this case, you can become infected with HIV wound to wound. The percentage of such cases of HIV infection is low. But if sharp or piercing objects were used during a fight, the risk of infection increases significantly. Through deep or superficial wounds, the virus easily enters the bloodstream of a healthy person, along with the blood of a patient with HIV infection.
First aid
When providing first aid to victims after a fight with a patient with immunodeficiency, you first need to:
- wash off blood that gets on the skin (preferably with soap);
- in case of contact with eyes, they are also washed with water;
- then it is necessary to treat the wound surfaces with any disinfectants at hand (vodka, alcohol, alcohol tinctures);
- deep wounds should be treated with hydrogen peroxide, bandaged with a bandage and the victim transported to the nearest hospital. Sutures may be required;
- When performing artificial respiration, you need to use a scarf.
To “dispel” all doubts about infection with AIDS or HIV through a wound, you need to undergo research in a specialized clinic. In everyday life, it is easier to protect yourself from possible HIV infection through a wound surface. If it is known that close people are infected, then after possible cuts, you should immediately carefully wash the object on which the integrity of the skin was broken under running water and treat the wound to the victim. However, you should avoid direct contact with an open wound if there are small cracks in the skin, hangnails or cuts.