Luzhniki name. The meaning of the word Luzhniki. Examples of the use of the word Luzhniki in literature
![Luzhniki name. The meaning of the word Luzhniki. Examples of the use of the word Luzhniki in literature](https://i2.wp.com/img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/6105/35994105.2c5/0_78e5b_e8e60b7_XL.jpg)
On July 19, 1980, the flame of the Olympic Games was lit in Moscow. The anniversary of this memorable event is dedicated to two
local history plot - about the Dynamo and Luzhniki stadiums.
The first mention of Luzhniki is found in the spiritual letter of Prince Yuri Vasilyevich in 1472. However, most likely
it was about a village in the Yakimanka region. A more reliable mention of 1638 is the settlement of Small Luzhniki near the New Maiden Convent.
The name Luzhniki is usually associated with low-lying meadow areas that are flooded during high water. There are versions related to the professional activities of the residents - either Luzhniki (tinkers, boilermakers), or peasants who grazed horses and harvested hay in the sovereign meadows.
The decision to build a sports complex in Luzhniki was made by the USSR Government on December 23, 1954. Design began in January 1955, the project was drawn up in 90 days, and construction began in April 1955. All buildings on the banks of the Moscow River, including the 17th-century Church of the Tikhvin Mother of God, were demolished.
On July 31, 1956, the grand opening of the sports complex took place, and the First Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was held. The sports complex was built in record time - in just 450 days, and the whole country participated in its creation. Since then, it has been rebuilt several times in parts, the largest reconstruction of the complex was associated with the preparation of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games.
Initially, the complex was called the Central Stadium named after V.I. Lenin and was a state enterprise. The modern official name - Open Joint Stock Company Olympic Complex "Luzhniki" - received in the spring of 1992 as a result of the privatization of this enterprise.
The Luzhniki territory covers an area of over 180 hectares, on which there are facilities intended for holding sports competitions, concerts and physical education and sports. The most important buildings are the Large Sports Arena, the Small Sports Arena, the Sports Palace, the Swimming Pool, and the Druzhba Universal Sports Hall.
You can get to the city of sports by metro: the unique Vorobyovy Gory (Lenin Hills) station is located right on the bridge over the Moscow River. The facade of the Sportivnaya station is decorated with lamps in the form of torches.
And here is the final stop of several trolleybus routes. The control room and elegant passenger canopy appeared in the mid-1950s.
A short excursion into the history of Luzhniki. Flood in 1908:
Construction of the BSA, 1956:
Festival of Youth and Students, 1957:
Closing ceremony of the 1980 Olympics:
Market in Luzhniki, 2000:
In 1998, the Bolshoi Sports Arena was included by UEFA in the list of five-star European football stadiums, so far it is the only elite stadium in Russia. The arena will be reconstructed until 2016, and it is planned to host the FIFA World Cup final here in 2018.
Number of seats for spectators after installation of plastic seats: 78,360 (after reconstruction for the World Cup it will increase to 89,318). All seats in the Grand Sports Arena of the stadium are covered by a canopy built in 1997, 63.5 meters wide and weighing 15 thousand tons, which is supported by 72 steel supports, each 26 meters high. Now the stadium has a football field with fifth-generation artificial synthetic turf. There are treadmills around it. The stadium has four connected stands - A and C along the length of the field, B and D - behind the goal (tickets for them are cheaper, fans are usually seated here). During the 1980 Olympics, the capacity was about 103,000 people, but then the benches were wooden.
The large sports arena has been the home field of the Spartak football team (Moscow) for decades.
On the territory of Luzhniki there are many monuments reflecting the history of the sports complex and the sporting glory of our country. On the Alley of Outstanding Athletes of Russia, monuments to Honored Masters of Sports Nikolai Starostin, Lev Yashin, Eduard Streltsov (sculptor Alexander Rukavishnikov) were erected. Memorial plaques in honor of hockey legends Valery Kharlamov and Anatoly Tarasov are also installed here.
The monument to those killed at the stadiums of the world reminds of the most tragic day in the history of the sports complex - October 20, 1982, when 66 people died at the Luzhniki stadium. On a cold evening, not many spectators came to the match "Spartak" - "Haarlem", tickets were sold for two stands, about 12,000 fans were seated in stand C. At the very end of the match, Spartak scored the second goal and the fans, who had already left their seats, We headed back to find out the details. There was a crush of oncoming streams of people on the stairs, the steps were slippery, and the railings could not withstand the pressure. There are a total of 81 entrances to the BSA and, according to the calculations of the stadium designers, tens of thousands of spectators could leave the arena in just ten minutes. Those responsible for organizing the football match were found guilty of the incident. The death of dozens of fans was hushed up by the authorities; the truth about the biggest tragedy in the sports history of the USSR became known only in 1989.
The authors of the monument are architect Georgy Lunacharsky and sculptor Mikhail Skovorodin. The initiator of the creation of the monument is the Spartak fans club. The dominant feature of the monument is the face of a grieving woman-mother against the background of the stadium stands in their tragic fracture and the stairs where the tragedy occurred.
On July 19, 1980, the sounds of fanfare announced the opening of the XXII Olympic Games; the Olympic flame burned over the Great Sports Arena for 16 days. Competitions in seven sports were held directly in Luzhniki: athletics, football, equestrianism, gymnastics, judo, volleyball and water polo. From here, a huge Teddy Bear, the inflatable mascot of the games, flew into the Moscow sky. The bear was caught and stored for a long time in the Luzhniki warehouses, but, as the newspapers wrote, it was lost during the years of perestroika. Another relic, the Olympic cauldron, was removed from the stadium during the reconstruction process.
On the Prestigious Alley you can see a monument dedicated to the Olympic Movement and opened in July 2001 personally by Juan Antonio Samaranch.
Vladimir Aleshin worked at Luzhniki since the 1970s, he was responsible for the preparation of Olympic facilities, in 1982 he became the general director of the complex, and after privatization in 1992, its actual owner. Shortly after the resignation of Mayor Yuri Luzhkov, with whom he worked closely, Aleshin voluntarily left the post of director.
According to Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, the Luzhniki hectares of land should belong to the city.
In 1992, a clothing market was opened on the territory of the complex; in 2003, it was moved outside the complex, and in August 2011, the clothing fair finally ceased to exist.
The Druzhba USZ was built especially for the Moscow Olympics; the building is constructed of reinforced concrete petals and from a distance resembles an inverted flower. The hall is designed for competitions in team sports, weightlifting, fencing, and rhythmic gymnastics. If necessary, the movable stands can be extended or removed. Currently, the Druzhba Universal Sports Hall is the largest tennis facility in Moscow, with 33 outdoor tennis courts and four indoor halls.
The wardrobe can be folded to save space.
Competitions in workout (strength exercises on the horizontal bar) and volleyball.
The small sports arena looks like an ancient Greek temple. The Dynamo hockey team holds its home matches here; the stands can accommodate 8,712 spectators. The annals of the arena include competitions in basketball, handball, tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, gymnastics, volleyball, and hockey.
The original lights installed in 1956 have been preserved on the territory of the sports complex.
In addition to water sports (now they teach scuba diving, aqua aerobics and diving), in the pool building you can practice gymnastics and boxing. Since 1964, in winter and autumn, the water in the pool began to be heated to +27 degrees. Swimmers entered the bath through warm corridors. In Soviet times, the pool hosted competitions in swimming, water polo, and diving.
The author of the monument "Mountaineers" is Honored Master of Sports in mountaineering, sculptor Evgeny Abalakov. The monument is made of bronze and granite and represents a sculptural group, which is considered the pinnacle of Yevgeny Abalakov’s creativity, the embodiment of his unique personal experience.
Two sculptural compositions, not directly related to sports, were installed in 1964 on the embankment. This is a fisherman taming a huge catfish, and a woman with a basket of fruit. The works were made according to the sketches of Vera Mukhina by sculptors N. Zelenskaya, A. Sergeev and Z. Ivanova.
In 2010, the chapel of the Blessed Prince Vladimir was erected on Luzhnetskaya embankment. The chapel is an octagonal building topped with a tent and dome.
The Sports Palace, with a capacity of 11,169 spectators, was more often used during Soviet times to host hockey matches and competitions in figure skating, gymnastics and wrestling. Films from all-Union and international film festivals were also shown here. At that time, the palace was visited by 3 million people annually.
Concerts in Luzhniki take place in the Sports Palace and on open stages. In the photo: Pelageya, Ilya Lagutenko, Trofim.
Borders
The border is not strictly defined; sometimes it is drawn along the small ring of the Moscow Railway and the Third Transport Ring. Green area with low building density. The area between the Moscow River and the railway has no population; residential buildings are located only on the other side of the road.
Story
Usually, speaking about the first mention of the current Luzhniki, they refer to the spiritual letter of Prince Yuri Vasilyevich in 1472, which includes “the village of Semchinskoye and the courtyards with the city and with Luzhnikov”; however, it most likely talks about other Luzhniki, which also appear in the description of the events of 1612: “On the 23rd day of August... the hetman went straight to the city... Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, who came out against him, a hundred from the Moscow River from Luzhniki , and Prince Dmitry Pozharskaya from his country is one hundred near the Moscow River, near the Church of Elijah the Prophet, the Recommended Ordinary." Later, in the 17th-19th centuries, these Luzhniki are referred to as Malye Krymskiye (“Small Luzhniki, at the Crimean Ford,” between the Crimean Bridge and Yakimanka).
Crimean Luzhniki are probably connected with the Great Meadow. For the first time, “near the city, the Great Meadow beyond the river” was mentioned in the spiritual of Dmitry Donskoy in 1389, and subsequently invariably appears in the spiritual letters of the Moscow sovereigns (in 1406 in the first spiritual of Vasily I as “the Great Meadow opposite the city across the river”); .
To the beginning XVII century As a result of construction, the Great Meadow fell into pieces - the western one began to be called the Crimean Meadow (from the Crimean Courtyard to the St. Andrew's Monastery), after which the settlement received the name Crimean Luzhniki. In the eastern part of the former Great Meadow (in 1604 it was mentioned as the “Lesser Meadow” near the Simonov Monastery) the Bolshie Luzhniki settlement arose, also known as Luzhnitskaya Sloboda (mentioned since 1619, the name of the settlement was retained by Luzhnitskaya Street, now Bakhrushin Street). All R. The 17th century palace settlement of Bolshie Luzhniki is mentioned with the indication “what is under Simonov” (1633) and “from under Simonov” (1658).
The area that is now called Luzhniki was formerly called Small Novodevichy Luzhniki, and at the first mention, in 1638, it was called the Small Luzhniki settlement under the New Maiden Convent. In 1654, residents of Luzhniki began to build a wooden church near the shore. John Chrysostom and built “up to the upper platform; and by the will of God there was a pestilence,” the unfinished church “was taken to Kuznetskaya Sloboda.” A church was built on the same spot in 1701. Tikhvin Mother of God (stone in 1756-1762, demolished in 1955, in its place is a stadium). In 1955, all buildings between the Okruzhnaya railway. and the river were demolished for the construction of a sports complex.
origin of name
The name Luzhniki is usually associated with “low-lying meadow area, flooded during high water” (Dal’s does not record this meaning; only the Ryazan dialect “more extensive wet place, mochazhinnik” is indicated). But then the name should have been much more widespread, and not limited to three settlements.
The name Luzhniki initially did not refer to localities, but specifically to settlements, which suggests a connection between the name and the occupation of the residents. In the 17th century the Luzhniki profession is mentioned: for example, in the expense books there are entries: in 1606 “Luzhnik well worker Nechaik Fedorov received food for 3 days at 2 money per day”; in 1614 “Luzhniki Lamak Kazarinov for a fathom of firewood and with transportation of 3 rubles. 16 al. 4 d." . Luzhniki Borisko is mentioned in the “Search Cases of Fyodor Shaklovit and His Accomplices”, in the Ryazan payment books of 1594-97. the Luzhniki shop of Ofonka Ivanov is mentioned.
Some authors claim that tinkers were called Luzhniki, although sources and dictionaries do not provide any basis for this. It is doubtful that in the XVI-XVII centuries. In general, such an independent profession existed (not to mention the fact that its representatives formed separate settlements). Tinning was carried out by boilermakers (copper craftsmen).
You should pay attention to the location of all the Moscow Luzhniki: these settlements were located near the palace (sovereign) meadows. Apparently, Luzhniki called those who worked for them, were engaged in grazing horses, and possibly also making hay.
It is probably no coincidence that the Crimean Luzhniki is adjacent to the sovereign stables on Ostozhenka (on the other side of the Moscow River, behind the Crimean Ford), and the Novodevichy Luzhniki is adjacent to the sovereign's spare stables at Pometny Vrazhek. M. Aleksandrovsky points out that in c. Trinity in Bolshoi Luzhniki “the icon of the Forerunner was preserved, marked in 1589 with the name of Luzhniki (servant at the meadows) Ivan Leontyev.”
Notes
Literature
- Rachinsky Ya. Z. Complete dictionary of Moscow street names. M., 2011. pp. 282-283. ISBN 978-5-85209-263-2
Historical places and districts in Moscow | |
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Historical areas | |
Right Bank Moscow rivers: |
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Balchug Island: | |
Left Coast Moscow rivers to Yauza: |
Balkans Borovitsky Hill Butyrki Butyrsky farm Vagankovo Vasilyevsky Meadow All Saints Grove Maiden's field Ermakova Grove Zhabensky Meadow Zaneglimenye Zaryadye Ivanovskaya Gorka Kashenkin meadow Koshelnaya settlement Red Village Kulishki Kuchkovo field Luzhniki Likhobory Miusy Novinskoe October Field Printers Podkopaevo Presnya Samoteka Serebryaniki Serebryany Bor Thatched lodge Sushchevo Syromyatniki Testovo Three Mountains Usachevka Khamovniki Khitrovka Khodynskoe field Church hill Shiryaevo field Yamskoe field |
Left Coast Moscow rivers behind Yauza: |
|
Historic districts | |
Areas within historical walls and shafts: |
|
Historic districts, named after settlements: |
|
Mass areas residential development: |
Aleshkino Babushkin Beskudnikovo Bibirevo Biryulyovo Veshnyaki-Vladychino Volkhonka-ZIL Golyanovo Degunino Ivanovskoye Lenino-Dachnoe Medvedkovo New Kuzminki Orekhovo-Borisovo Otradnoe Tushino Fili-Mazilovo Khimki-Khovrino Khoroshevo-Mnevniki Southwest: Belyaevo-Bogorodskoye Davydkovo Zyuzino Konkovo-Derevlevo |
Incorporated into Moscow in 1917.
Historical area in Moscow | |
Luzhniki | |
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Story | |
Other names | Big Luzhniki, Small Luzhniki, Small Novodevichy Luzhniki |
Location | |
Districts | Central Administrative District |
Districts | Khamovniki |
Metro stations | Sports |
Borders
The border is not strictly defined; sometimes it is drawn along the small ring of the Moscow Railway and the Third Transport Ring. Green area with low building density. The area between the Moscow River and the railway has no population; residential buildings are located only on the other side of the road.
Story
Usually, speaking about the first mention of the current Luzhniki, they refer to the spiritual letter of Prince Yuri Vasilyevich in 1472, which includes “the village of Semchinskoye and the courtyards with the city and with Luzhnikov”; however, it most likely talks about other Luzhniki, which also appear in the description of the events of 1612: “On the 23rd day of August... the hetman went straight to the city... Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, who came out against him, a hundred from the Moscow River from Luzhniki , and Prince Dmitry Pozharskaya from his country is one hundred near the Moscow River, near the Church of Elijah the Prophet, the Recommended Ordinary." Later, in the 17th-19th centuries, these Luzhniki are referred to as Malye Krymskiye (“Small Luzhniki, at the Crimean Ford,” between the Crimean Bridge and Yakimanka).
Crimean Luzhniki are probably connected with the Great Meadow. For the first time, “near the city, the Great Meadow beyond the river” was mentioned in the spiritual of Dmitry Donskoy in 1389, and subsequently invariably appears in the spiritual letters of the Moscow sovereigns (in 1406 in the first spiritual of Vasily I as “the Great meadow opposite the city across the river”).
By the beginning of the 17th century, the Great Meadow, as a result of construction, fell into parts - the western part began to be called the Crimean Meadow (from the Crimean Courtyard to the St. Andrew's Monastery), after which the settlement received the name Crimean Luzhniki. In the eastern part of the former Great Meadow (in 1604 it was mentioned as the “Lesser Meadow” near the Simonov Monastery) the Bolshie Luzhniki settlement arose, also known as Luzhnitskaya Sloboda (mentioned since 1619, the name of the settlement was retained by Luzhnitskaya Street, now Bakhrushin Street). All R. The 17th century palace settlement of Bolshiye Luzhniki is mentioned with the indication “that under Simonov” (1633) and “from under Simonov” (1658).
The area that is now called Luzhniki was formerly called Small Novodevichy Luzhniki, and at the first mention, in 1638, it was called the Small Luzhniki settlement under the New Maiden Convent. In 1654, residents of Luzhniki began to build a wooden church of St. John Chrysostom near the shore and built “up to the upper platform; and by the will of God there was a pestilence,” the unfinished church “was taken to Kuznetskaya Sloboda.” On the same place in 1701 the Church of the Tikhvin Icon of the Virgin Mary was built (stone in 1756-1762, demolished in 1955, in its place a stadium). In 1955, all buildings between the Okruzhnaya railway. and the river were demolished for the construction of a sports complex.
origin of name
The name Luzhniki is usually associated with “low-lying meadow area, flooded during high water” (Dal’s does not record this meaning; only the Ryazan dialect “more extensive wet place, mochazhinnik” is indicated). But then the name should have been much more widespread, and not limited to three settlements.
The name Luzhniki initially did not refer to localities, but specifically to settlements, which suggests a connection between the name and the occupation of the residents. In the 17th century, the profession of Luzhniki is mentioned: for example, in the expense books there are entries: in 1606 “Luzhnik well-keeper Nechaika Fedorov for food for 3 days at 2 money per day”; in 1614 “Luzhniki Lamak Kazarinov for a fathom of firewood and with transportation of 3 rubles. 16 al. 4 d."
When you look at Luzhniki and all of Moscow from above from across the river, from the highest point of the Sparrow Hills, you are glad that you are a Muscovite, that this is your beautiful city lying below.
Here you somehow feel especially acutely, you understand that Moscow is a city by the river, a city by the river, so beautiful and peaceful. How well Peter Vyazemsky wrote about her:
That's the name Luzhniki would not have arisen if there had not been a river bend and water meadows here.
Luzhniki is one of the oldest areas of Moscow. In our time, its main attraction has become the stadium, located as if at the bottom of a huge bowl.
Name Luzhniki comes from the word Luzhniki, meaning “a small meadow, a meadow among puddles, lakes.” You can find this popular geographical term in V. I. Dahl’s dictionary. In a word puddle in Russian it can be called not just a puddle - a small depression in the soil or its surface filled with rain, subsoil or other water, but also a small lake of seasonal origin, which appeared, for example, as a result of a river flood. Indeed, the territory of modern Luzhniki was a meadow, which was flooded with water from the Moscow River during the flood and on which, after its decline, many puddles and lakes remained. Two such lakes were preserved at the Novodevichy Convent and were turned into picturesque ponds that still exist today. Between the lakes there were small meadows. The combination of such meadows formed a vast meadow space Luzhniki, which later became the “sovereign meadows”. This is how the name of this entire area arose.
In the floodplain of the Moscow River within our city and in the immediate vicinity there were several similar bends. Here the Moscow River flows through hilly terrain, as evidenced by the names, which often contain the word mountain (we will return to it in this article): Sparrow Hills, Poklonnaya Hill, Pskov Mountain(in Zaryadye), Three mountains(hence the name of the plant “Trekhgornaya Manufactory”, the famous Moscow “ Trekhgorki»), Lousy(Sewing)slide near the mouth of the Yauza and others. Each bend of the river during the flood represented beautiful water meadows. The historian I.E. Zabelin drew attention to this feature of the Moscow River in his book “History of the City of Moscow”: “The flow of the Moscow River, like all almost all small rivers of the Moscow region, in its winding course, constantly turning in different directions, forms almost at every more or less significant turn, vast meadows and valleys, which often, by their general appearance, surrounded by high banks, represent actual basins. In relation to such basins, the high banks, of course, become mountains.”
Bends in the flow of the Moscow River are still visible today near the former village of Tatarovo (as mentioned in the story about the history of Kuntsev and Krylatsky), near Serebryany Bor, near the Sparrow Hills, near the Simonov Monastery, and in other areas. It is likely that everywhere in these places the water meadows in the bend of the river were called Luzhniki as a special type of water meadows. But this Russian word has now disappeared from our speech, from living use, leaving its memory only in a few toponyms.
Documents from the 17th century mention the palace settlement Bolshie Luzhniki. It was located near the current Bakhrushina Street, which in 1922–1959 was called Luzhnikovskaya, and before that Luzhnetskaya (the street is located near the Paveletskaya metro station). This settlement appears in a historical document, in the so-called separate record of 1658: “To this separate record of the salty row Levka Ivanov Bolshie Luzhniki from near Simonov, instead of his grandmother Praskovye Timofeeva, at her behest, put his hand.” In addition, there was the Luzhniki Small Crimean settlement, which was located in the area between the modern Crimean Bridge and Bolshaya Yakimanka Street, named after the chapel of Joachim and Anna at the Church of the Annunciation. The memory of the Crimean Luzhniki existed for some time in the name of Luzhnikovsky Lane, which is near Pyatnitskaya Street, which was renamed Vishnyakovsky Lane in 1922 (you will find more detailed and interesting information about the history of this toponym in the article “Pyatnitskaya Street”).
Near the place where the Central Stadium is located today, in the 15th century there was Luzhnikovo village. In the 16th century, when the New Maiden Convent was built, there was already a palace stable settlement Luzhniki Malye Devichye, or, in other words, Luzhniki Small. Currently, three official names have been preserved from the name of this settlement Luzhnetskaya embankment, Luzhnetsky proezd And Novoluzhnetsky proezd. Toponym Luzhniki It is also found in some other places in the Moscow region, for example the village of Luzhniki on the left bank of the Oka River near the city of Stupino. This village was mentioned in the 16th century in a scribe book for the Kashira district, and meadows there they are noted as the main lands of the village: “Near the Oka river from Koshira up above the Trinity Monastery to the sovereign’s quitrent village to Luzhniki [refers. ? M.G.] that meadow has 48 acres” (record of 1579). In the 16th century, in the former Moscow district there was the village of Luzhniki on the Istra River, a wasteland on the Klyazma River.
What is the biography of the Moscow Luzhniki? What was in this place one hundred, two hundred, three hundred years ago? The history of this area has not been sufficiently studied. Nevertheless, let us open those pages of it that are known. The first mention of Luzhniki in documents dates back to 1472. The main document is the spiritual letter of Prince Yuri Vasilyevich of Dmitrov, in which he bequeaths the village of Luzhnikovo to his elder brother Grand Duke Ivan III: “And to my master, the Grand Duke, I give my village of Semchinskoe and the courtyards of the city, and with Luzhnikov.”
This old Moscow village was located in one of the most beautiful suburbs of medieval Moscow. Now it is difficult for us to imagine a different panorama of Moscow from the Sparrow Hills, where an entire sports city stretches out in the foreground in Luzhniki. It was here, in Luzhniki, that A. I. Herzen and N. N. Ogarev crossed the Moscow River by boat to get to the Sparrow Hills. There they pronounced their famous oath and from there they admired Moscow and the Luzhniki Stadium, which were located right there, under the mountain. This is how Herzen himself wrote about it in Past and Thoughts: “In Luzhniki we crossed the Moscow River by boat... My father, as always, walked gloomily and hunched over, Karl Ivanovich minced next to him in small steps... We left ahead of them and, far ahead, ran up to the foundation site of the Witberg Temple on the Sparrow Hills, out of breath and flushed, we stood there, wiping off sweat. The sun was setting, the domes were shining, the city spread out over the vast expanse under the mountain, a fresh breeze was blowing on us; we stood, stood, leaned on each other and, suddenly hugging each other, swore an oath in front of all Moscow to sacrifice our lives for the struggle we had chosen.”
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Novodevichy Convent was erected on the low left bank of the Moscow River - a fortress that blocked the enemy’s path to Moscow from the southwest. Since that time, historical events of such magnitude have occurred more than once in Luzhniki, which should be familiar to everyone at least from a school history textbook. So, for example, in 1571, the army of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, known for his treachery, invaded here, and in 1606, the governor Prince Shuisky stationed his warriors here, preparing for the decisive battle with the peasant army of Ivan Bolotnikov.
Luzhniki was populated slowly. One of the reasons was the constant danger of various kinds of military invasions, and the other was that almost every year this area was heavily flooded, because the coast was low-lying.
“The borders of Moscow,” wrote the historian S.K. Bogoyavlensky, “represented a bizarre line. The 1683 census and other documents give many indications of the populated areas around Zemlyanoy Town. If we go from west to east, we will first of all notice the deep wedge of settlements on the Devichye Pole. Near the rampart itself, a whole series of settlements stretched in the bend of the Moscow River, of which Khamovnaya was the largest. Moving away from these settlements, beyond the free field space, stood the courtyards of the servants of the Novodevichy Convent, and even further, passing through the undeveloped space, we will find the Luzhniki settlement. Thus, the Maiden’s Field was represented in the form of several villages, separated from each other by wastelands.”
Moscow censuses of the mid-17th century officially mention this settlement as Luzhniki Novodevichy in 1638, and also in 1653 as the “stable settlement Luzhniki small”. It is in the census materials that we find confirmation that this territory was settled slowly: in 1638, in the Luzhniki Novodevichy settlement, only 15 households were noted, in which only 18 people lived! True, the census then only counted adult men. It is interesting to note that the residents of ten of the fifteen courtyards of this settlement were engaged in gardening; this was facilitated by the fertile flooded lands of the meadows.
Here, “beyond the Khamovnaya settlement against the Sparrow Hills,” there were country courtyards and vegetable gardens of some boyars, stolniks, princes and the Moscow nobility. This tradition was preserved in later times. In the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine II, in the confiscated estate of Platon Musin-Pushkin in Luzhniki, as they wrote in the old days, “in the summer, every holiday and every Sunday there was a crowded celebration of people of the best tone.”
In the middle of the 18th century, Moscow was surrounded by an earthen Kamer-Kollezhsky rampart, which divided Luzhniki into two parts - suburban and urban. The Luzhnetskaya outpost was built on the shaft for travel to the village of Vorobyovo.
Toponym Luzhniki the name of the palace settlement is noted on all plans of Moscow in the 18th century and in the notes to them. Here is the first geodetic plan of Moscow in 1739, called “Plan of the Imperial Capital City of Moscow, composed under the supervision of the architect Ivan Michurin in 1739.” It shows empty spaces behind the Novodevichy Convent and only near the very bank of the river there are several built-up areas and among them the Church of the Tikhvin Icon of Our Lady in Malye Luzhniki. The meadow near the settlement was called Vasilievsky. Of course, it was not at all by chance that all these beautiful water meadows came under the jurisdiction of the palace Stables Office.
During the terrible fire of 1812, when out of nine thousand buildings in Moscow, barely three thousand survived, Luzhniki escaped the sad fate of many Moscow districts. The fire could not overcome the large undeveloped space that separated Luzhniki from the city.
In the 19th century, almost all of the cultivated land in Luzhniki passed into the hands of several merchants, who rented it out for vegetable gardens. At the end of the century there were several factories here.
Years have passed, the appearance of Luzhniki has changed dramatically. Thanks to the efforts of thousands of people, especially young people, in August 1956, on the day of the start of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, the largest stadium in Europe at that time was opened in Luzhniki. The great work of its creators is evidenced by the fact that as a result of the excavation work carried out then, the level of the area, which had been regularly flooded for many centuries, rose by an average of one and a half meters! And the toponym Luzhniki got a new life.
On July 19, 1980, the flame of the Olympic Games was lit in Moscow. The anniversary of this memorable event is dedicated to two
local history plot - about the Dynamo and Luzhniki stadiums.
The first mention of Luzhniki is found in the spiritual letter of Prince Yuri Vasilyevich in 1472. However, most likely
it was about a village in the Yakimanka region. A more reliable mention of 1638 is the settlement of Small Luzhniki near the New Maiden Convent.
The name Luzhniki is usually associated with low-lying meadow areas that are flooded during high water. There are versions related to the professional activities of the residents - either Luzhniki (tinkers, boilermakers), or peasants who grazed horses and harvested hay in the sovereign meadows.
The decision to build a sports complex in Luzhniki was made by the USSR Government on December 23, 1954. Design began in January 1955, the project was drawn up in 90 days, and construction began in April 1955. All buildings on the banks of the Moscow River, including the 17th-century Church of the Tikhvin Mother of God, were demolished.
On July 31, 1956, the grand opening of the sports complex took place, and the First Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR was held. The sports complex was built in record time - in just 450 days, and the whole country participated in its creation. Since then, it has been rebuilt several times in parts, the largest reconstruction of the complex was associated with the preparation of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games.
Initially, the complex was called the Central Stadium named after V.I. Lenin and was a state enterprise. The modern official name - Open Joint Stock Company Olympic Complex "Luzhniki" - received in the spring of 1992 as a result of the privatization of this enterprise.
The Luzhniki territory covers an area of over 180 hectares, on which there are facilities intended for holding sports competitions, concerts and physical education and sports. The most important buildings are the Large Sports Arena, the Small Sports Arena, the Sports Palace, the Swimming Pool, and the Druzhba Universal Sports Hall.
You can get to the city of sports by metro: the unique Vorobyovy Gory (Lenin Hills) station is located right on the bridge over the Moscow River. The facade of the Sportivnaya station is decorated with lamps in the form of torches.
And here is the final stop of several trolleybus routes. The control room and elegant passenger canopy appeared in the mid-1950s.
A short excursion into the history of Luzhniki. Flood in 1908:
Construction of the BSA, 1956:
Festival of Youth and Students, 1957:
Closing ceremony of the 1980 Olympics:
Market in Luzhniki, 2000:
In 1998, the Bolshoi Sports Arena was included by UEFA in the list of five-star European football stadiums, so far it is the only elite stadium in Russia. The arena will be reconstructed until 2016, and it is planned to host the FIFA World Cup final here in 2018.
Number of seats for spectators after installation of plastic seats: 78,360 (after reconstruction for the World Cup it will increase to 89,318). All seats in the Grand Sports Arena of the stadium are covered by a canopy built in 1997, 63.5 meters wide and weighing 15 thousand tons, which is supported by 72 steel supports, each 26 meters high. Now the stadium has a football field with fifth-generation artificial synthetic turf. There are treadmills around it. The stadium has four connected stands - A and C along the length of the field, B and D - behind the goal (tickets for them are cheaper, fans are usually seated here). During the 1980 Olympics, the capacity was about 103,000 people, but then the benches were wooden.
The large sports arena has been the home field of the Spartak football team (Moscow) for decades.
On the territory of Luzhniki there are many monuments reflecting the history of the sports complex and the sporting glory of our country. On the Alley of Outstanding Athletes of Russia, monuments to Honored Masters of Sports Nikolai Starostin, Lev Yashin, Eduard Streltsov (sculptor Alexander Rukavishnikov) were erected. Memorial plaques in honor of hockey legends Valery Kharlamov and Anatoly Tarasov are also installed here.
The monument to those killed at the stadiums of the world reminds of the most tragic day in the history of the sports complex - October 20, 1982, when 66 people died at the Luzhniki stadium. On a cold evening, not many spectators came to the match "Spartak" - "Haarlem", tickets were sold for two stands, about 12,000 fans were seated in stand C. At the very end of the match, Spartak scored the second goal and the fans, who had already left their seats, We headed back to find out the details. There was a crush of oncoming streams of people on the stairs, the steps were slippery, and the railings could not withstand the pressure. There are a total of 81 entrances to the BSA and, according to the calculations of the stadium designers, tens of thousands of spectators could leave the arena in just ten minutes. Those responsible for organizing the football match were found guilty of the incident. The death of dozens of fans was hushed up by the authorities; the truth about the biggest tragedy in the sports history of the USSR became known only in 1989.
The authors of the monument are architect Georgy Lunacharsky and sculptor Mikhail Skovorodin. The initiator of the creation of the monument is the Spartak fans club. The dominant feature of the monument is the face of a grieving woman-mother against the background of the stadium stands in their tragic fracture and the stairs where the tragedy occurred.
On July 19, 1980, the sounds of fanfare announced the opening of the XXII Olympic Games; the Olympic flame burned over the Great Sports Arena for 16 days. Competitions in seven sports were held directly in Luzhniki: athletics, football, equestrianism, gymnastics, judo, volleyball and water polo. From here, a huge Teddy Bear, the inflatable mascot of the games, flew into the Moscow sky. The bear was caught and stored for a long time in the Luzhniki warehouses, but, as the newspapers wrote, it was lost during the years of perestroika. Another relic, the Olympic cauldron, was removed from the stadium during the reconstruction process.
On the Prestigious Alley you can see a monument dedicated to the Olympic Movement and opened in July 2001 personally by Juan Antonio Samaranch.
Vladimir Aleshin worked at Luzhniki since the 1970s, he was responsible for the preparation of Olympic facilities, in 1982 he became the general director of the complex, and after privatization in 1992, its actual owner. Shortly after the resignation of Mayor Yuri Luzhkov, with whom he worked closely, Aleshin voluntarily left the post of director.
According to Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, the Luzhniki hectares of land should belong to the city.
In 1992, a clothing market was opened on the territory of the complex; in 2003, it was moved outside the complex, and in August 2011, the clothing fair finally ceased to exist.
The Druzhba USZ was built especially for the Moscow Olympics; the building is constructed of reinforced concrete petals and from a distance resembles an inverted flower. The hall is designed for competitions in team sports, weightlifting, fencing, and rhythmic gymnastics. If necessary, the movable stands can be extended or removed. Currently, the Druzhba Universal Sports Hall is the largest tennis facility in Moscow, with 33 outdoor tennis courts and four indoor halls.
The wardrobe can be folded to save space.
Competitions in workout (strength exercises on the horizontal bar) and volleyball.
The small sports arena looks like an ancient Greek temple. The Dynamo hockey team holds its home matches here; the stands can accommodate 8,712 spectators. The annals of the arena include competitions in basketball, handball, tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, gymnastics, volleyball, and hockey.
The original lights installed in 1956 have been preserved on the territory of the sports complex.
In addition to water sports (now they teach scuba diving, aqua aerobics and diving), in the pool building you can practice gymnastics and boxing. Since 1964, in winter and autumn, the water in the pool began to be heated to +27 degrees. Swimmers entered the bath through warm corridors. In Soviet times, the pool hosted competitions in swimming, water polo, and diving.
The author of the monument "Mountaineers" is Honored Master of Sports in mountaineering, sculptor Evgeny Abalakov. The monument is made of bronze and granite and represents a sculptural group, which is considered the pinnacle of Yevgeny Abalakov’s creativity, the embodiment of his unique personal experience.
Two sculptural compositions, not directly related to sports, were installed in 1964 on the embankment. This is a fisherman taming a huge catfish, and a woman with a basket of fruit. The works were made according to the sketches of Vera Mukhina by sculptors N. Zelenskaya, A. Sergeev and Z. Ivanova.
In 2010, the chapel of the Blessed Prince Vladimir was erected on Luzhnetskaya embankment. The chapel is an octagonal building topped with a tent and dome.
The Sports Palace, with a capacity of 11,169 spectators, was more often used during Soviet times to host hockey matches and competitions in figure skating, gymnastics and wrestling. Films from all-Union and international film festivals were also shown here. At that time, the palace was visited by 3 million people annually.
Concerts in Luzhniki take place in the Sports Palace and on open stages. In the photo: Pelageya, Ilya Lagutenko, Trofim.